In the same article, Chomsky casts the theme of a larger research program in terms of the following question: " How little can be attributed to UG while still accounting for the variety of I-languages attained, relying on third factor principles?

The Request for Comments RFC 1392 amplifies this meaning as " person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular.

These internal and external factors contributed to the rise of a Confederation national consciousness, in which the term fatherland ( patria ) began to take on meaning beyond an individual canton.

Many automotive Hall effect sensors have a built-in internal NPN transistor with an open collector and grounded emitter, meaning that rather than a voltage being produced at the Hall sensor signal output wire, the transistor is turned on providing a circuit to ground through the signal output wire.

* Referential ideograms ( 指事字 ) -- characters that are developed with specific reference to particular entities or events in the " outside " world, whose meanings could not be simply and straightforwardly traced pictorially, phonetically, or inferentially through the internal meaning structure of the ideogram itself, e. g. the character for " clock ", which combines the pictogram for " gold " ( or " metal ") with the pictogram for " children ";

If the fraction is greater than 1, then arcsine is not defined — meaning that total internal reflection does not occur even at very shallow or grazing incident angles.

Most sharks are " cold-blooded " or, more precisely, poikilothermic, meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their ambient environment.

* The Expressive ( alternatively called " emotive " or " affective ") Function relates to the Addresser and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add information about the Addresser's ( speaker's ) internal state, e. g. " Wow, what a view!

The symbolism in these cathedral structures is of the hierarchy of Earth and Heaven, and often reveals its meaning through the internal decoration of the building with frescos or mosaics.

Lindalino's rebellion against Laputa is an allegory of Ireland's revolt against Great Britain, and Great Britain's ( meaning the Whig government's ) violent foreign and internal politics ( see Jonathan Swift for his political career ).

Scholars have also discussed “ constitutional transformation … occurs when a constitutional provision has lost its effectiveness but has been replaced by a new meaning .” The Liberal Democratic Party has interpreted Article 9 as renouncing the use of warfare in international disputes but not the internal use of force for the purpose of maintaining law and order.

The key basic principle on the mode of action of organic acids on bacteria is that non-dissociated ( non-ionized ) organic acids can penetrate the bacteria cell wall and disrupt the normal physiology of certain types of bacteria that we call pH-sensitive, meaning that they cannot tolerate a wide internal and external pH gradient.

An internal modification may be segmental, meaning it changes a sound in the root.

By decree of the Holy See, the Augustinian Order is granted exempt status, which places it under the direct dependence of the Pope, meaning that bishops have no jurisdiction with regards to the internal affairs of the Order.

Hackman suggested that groups are successful when they satisfy internal and external clients, develop capabilities to perform in the future, and when members find meaning and satisfaction in the group.

This tribunal has no jurisdiction in the what is known as " the external forum ," meaning cases and events which are publicly known, only matters of the " internal forum ," which involve entirely confidential and secret matters, including ( but not limited to ) what is confessed in the Sacrament of Penance.

The California Kingsnake is an oviparous internal fertilization animal, meaning it lays eggs as opposed to giving live birth like some other snakes.

In its review of Bank of England accountability, one of the major complaints of the Treasury Select Committee was the Bank's refusal to undertake an internal review of its performance during the financial crisis, meaning the Bank has still not been held properly accountable for its substantial culpability.

These verse forms were elaborated even more into the skaldic poetic form called the dróttkvætt, meaning " lordly verse ", which added internal rhymes and other forms of assonance that go well beyond the requirements of Germanic alliterative verse.

One main thermodynamic potential that has a physical interpretation is the internal energy, U. It is the energy of configuration of a given system of conservative forces ( that is why it is a potential ) and only has meaning with respect to a defined set of references ( or data ).

Brachytherapy ( from the Greek word βραχυς brachys, meaning " short-distance "), also known as internal radiotherapy, sealed source radiotherapy, curietherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment.

Behavior is not defined by forces from the environment such as drives, or instincts, but rather by a reflective, socially understood meaning of both the internal and external incentives that are currently presented ( Meltzer et al., 1975 ).

Edible frankincense must be pure for internal consumption, meaning it should be translucent, with no black or brown impurities.

The phrase " Let a thousand initiatives bloom " was coined ( meaning that internal diversity should be tolerated ) in the hope of re-capturing support, but clashes occurred nevertheless.

The differentiation, however, is not very much greater, as shown by the fact that Athabascan shows 3.46 stems per meaning slot as against 2.75 for Yokuts, with a slightly greater number of languages represented in our sample: 24 as against 21.

Thus his persistence values for some stem frequencies per meaning are: stem identical in 8 languages, 100% ; ;

The practical operational problem of lexicostatistics is the establishment of a basic list of items of meaning against which the particular forms or terms of languages can be matched as the medium of comparison.

In lieu of " Hamito-Semitic ", the Russian linguist Igor Diakonoff later suggested the term " Afrasian ", meaning " half African, half Asiatic ", in reference to the geographic distribution of the phylum's constituent languages.

The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.

Strictly speaking, these national languages lack a word corresponding to the verb " to spell " ( meaning to split a word into its letters ), the closest match being a verb meaning to split a word into its syllables.

The name Anatolia comes from the Greek () meaning the " East " or more literally " sunrise ", comparable to the Latin terms " Levant " or " Orient " ( and words for " east " in other languages ).

In other languages having the meaning of the Latin word pavor, the derived words differ in meaning, e. g. as in the French anxiété and peur.

In the " imperative " view, which is closer to the philosophy of imperative programming languages, an abstract data structure is conceived as an entity that is mutable — meaning that it may be in different states at different times.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning " tiger ", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia.

The word borough derives from common Germanic * burg, meaning fort: compare with bury ( England ), burgh ( Scotland ), Burg ( Germany ), borg ( Scandinavia ), burcht ( Dutch ) and the Germanic borrowing present in neighbouring Indo-european languages such as borgo ( Italian ), bourg ( French ) and burgo ( Spanish and Portuguese ).

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

In Indo-European languages, the words meaning " to be " often sound similar to each other.

For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use " Wasserstoff " ( water substance ) for " hydrogen ", " Sauerstoff " ( acid substance ) for " oxygen " and " Stickstoff " ( smothering substance ) for " nitrogen ", while English and some romance languages use " sodium " for " natrium " and " potassium " for " kalium ", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer " azote / azot / azoto " ( from roots meaning " no life ") for " nitrogen ".

These are all proper inclusions, meaning that there exist recursively enumerable languages which are not context-sensitive, context-sensitive languages which are not context-free and context-free languages which are not regular.

Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Greek kanon / κανών, Arabic Qanon / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, " straight "; a rule, code, standard, or measure ; the root meaning in all these languages is " reed " ( cf.