1191 – 10 September 1206 / 08 ).

* John of Ford ( ca. 1140 – 1214 ), English religious leader who, from 1191 until his death, served as abbot of Dorset Cistercian monastery Forde Abbey ; ally of King John

* 1191 – Richard I arrives in Acre ( Palestine ) thus beginning his crusade.

* 1191 – Third Crusade: Saladin's garrison surrenders to Philip Augustus, ending the two-year siege of Acre.

* 1191 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre who is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.

Members of the Orsini include popes Celestine III ( 1191 – 1198 ), Nicholas III ( 1277 – 1280 ), and Benedict XIII ( 1724 – 1730 ), 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and numerous condottieri and other significant political and religious figures.

The first known family member is one Bobone, in the early 11th century, father of Pietro, in turn father of Giacinto dei Boboni ( 1110 – 1198 ), who in 1191 became pope as Celestine III.

Pope Clement III ( 1130 – 20 March 1191 ), born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari, was elected Pope on 19 December 1187 and reigned until his death.

1106 – 8 January 1198 ), born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on 21 March 1191 and reigned until his death.

* 1191 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.

Count Frederick III ( c. 1139 – c. 1200 ) accompanied Emperor Frederick I Barbrarossa against Henry the Lion in 1180 and through his marriage achieved the enfeoffment with the Burgraviate of Nuremberg by Emperor Henry VI of Hohenstaufen in 1191.

* October 18 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan ( d. 1191 )

# Conrad ( Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191 ), later renamed Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia after the death of his older brother.

* September 23 – Robert de Sable, was 11th Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1191 to 1193

The last Byzantine governor of the Island was Isaac Comnenus who declared himself emperor of the island and ruled the island from 1183 – 1191.

# Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke ( 1191 – 16 April 1234 ), married Gervase le Dinant.

* John I of Ponthieu ( c. 1147 – 1191 )

* Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke ( c. 1191 – 1234 )

Prevailing scholarly theories strongly suggest that the written Nibelungenlied is the work of an anonymous poet from the area of the Danube between Passau and Vienna, dating from about 1180 to 1210, possibly at the court of Wolfger von Erla, the bishop of Passau ( in office 1191 – 1204 ).

Count Philip I ( 1157 – 1191 ) brought further large tracts of marshland under cultivation, laid out first plans to build a Canal from Dunkirk to Bergues and vested the Dunkirkers with market rights.

Systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ( 1155 – 1191 ), who developed the idea of " decisive necessity ", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation.

The crisis was acute when the Pope died in the latter part of March 1191.

In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned Emperor and Empress by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily in the name of Constance, who was the posthumous daughter of Roger II of Sicily by his third wife Beatrix of Rethel and therefore the legitimate heiress to the throne.

Comyn's charter of 1191 or 1192, which allowed for a chapter of thirteen canons, of which three held special dignities ( as Chancellor, Precentor and Treasurer ), was confirmed by a Papal Bull ( of Pope Celestine III ) within a year.

The Cathedral is headed by the Dean, and governed by the entire Chapter, originally 13 in number and having been as many as 30, now numbering up to 28, whose foundation, and whose members ' rights, derive from the charter of 1191, as approved by Pope Celestine in 1192.

In 1240 Cardinal Otto ( Oddone di Monferrato ), legate to the Apostolic See of Pope Gregory IX visited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary.

The popes of the destroyed tombs were: Pope John X ( 914-928 ), Pope Agapetus II ( 946-955 ), Pope John XII ( 955-964 ), Pope Paschal II ( 1099 – 1118 ), Pope Callixtus II ( 1119 – 1124 ), Pope Honorius II ( 1124 – 1130 ), Pope Celestine II ( 1143 – 1144 ), Pope Lucius II ( 1144 – 1145 ), Pope Anastasius IV ( 1153 – 1154 ), Pope Clement III ( 1187 – 1191 ), Pope Celestine III ( 1191 – 1198 ), Pope Innocent V ( 1276 ).

Longchamp's legatine commission from the papacy expired in spring 1191, on the death of Clement III, thus removing one of Longchamp's power bases.

* Pope Clement III ( 1187 – 1191 )

" So on 31 July 1191 the French army of 10, 000 men ( along with 5, 000 silver marks to pay the soldiers ) remained in Outremer under the command of Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy.

* Bruno III von Berg 1191 – 1192, brother of Friedrich II above

The Commune of Rome was however able to destroy the town on 17 April 1191 with the consent of Pope Celestine III and the consent of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Frederick Barbarossa.

The political history of Nottinghamshire centres round the town and castle of Nottingham, which was seized by Robert of Gloucester on behalf of Maud in 1140 ; captured by John in 1191 ; surrendered to Henry III by the rebellious barons in 1264 ; formed an important station of Edward III in the Scottish wars ; and in 1397 was the scene of a council where three of the lords appellant were appealed of treason.

In early 1191, in Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, Ros married Isabella Mac William ( Isibéal nic Uilliam ), widow of Robert III de Brus.

For two years, Geoffrey was unable to secure consecration, but in 1191, a new pope, Celestine III was elected and Celestine consecrated Geoffrey and ordered Hugh to submit to Geoffrey.

* Heinrich III of Berg 1191 – 1197

His father Jean I, Count of Ponthieu ( d 1191 was the son of Guy II, Count of Ponthieu ( who died on the Second Crusade 1147 ) and grandson of William III of Ponthieu, also frequently called William III Talvas, and who represented the senior line of the lords of Montgomery, once trusted vassals and allies of William the Conqueror.

# Pope Celestine III ( 1191 – 1198 )

# Conrad ( b. Modigliana, February 1167 – d. Acre, 20 January 1191 ), later renamed Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia after the death of his older brother.

Amathus still flourished and produced a distinguished patriarch of Alexandria, St. John the Merciful, as late as 606-616, and a ruined Byzantine church marks the site ; but it declined and was already almost deserted when Richard Plantagenet won Cyprus by a victory there over Isaac Comnenus in 1191.

This is corroborated by Benedict of Peterborough's graphic account of Greece, as it was in 1191, where he states that many of the islands were uninhabited from fear of pirates and that Aegina, along with Salamis and Makronesos, were their strongholds.

In this incomplete poem, dated sometime between 1180 and 1191, the object has not yet acquired the implications of holiness it would have in later works.

In his verse romance Joseph d ’ Arimathie, composed between 1191 and 1202, Robert tells the story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the Last Supper to collect Christ ’ s blood upon his removal from the cross.

Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive.

During the lengthy siege, which lasted until 1191, Patriarch Heraclius, Queen Sibylla and her daughters, and many others died of disease.

When Richard arrived in 1191, he and Philip took different sides in the succession dispute.

After much ill-feeling and ill-health, Philip returned home in 1191, soon after the fall of Acre.

Richard defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf in 1191 and the Battle of Jaffa in 1192, recovering most of the coast, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom.

When the battle was lost, Saladin captured the relic, which was then ransomed back to the Crusaders when the Muslims surrendered the city of Acre in 1191.

In 1191, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI granted suzerainty over the area to the city of Genoa, the native home of the Ligurians.

He was ordained a priest on 13 April 1191, ruled the church six years, nine months, and nine days before he died on 8 January 1198.

He crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI on the day after his election in 1191 with a ceremony symbolizing his absolute supremacy, as described by Roger of Hoveden.

* Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien, 1984.