* 1575 – Bartol Kašić, Croatian writer and linguist ( d. 1650 )

* 1650 – Vincenzo Coronelli, Italian cartographer ( d. 1718 )

* 1650 – Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.

* 1650 – The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army from Orkney invades mainland Scotland but is defeated by a Covenanter army.

Thābit's formula was rediscovered by Fermat ( 1601 – 1665 ) and Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler ( 1707 – 1783 ).

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ) by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

Bernard of Clairvaux ( 1090 – 1153 ), in a 1700 painting by Georg Andreas Wasshuber ( 1650 – 1732 ) on display at Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

The great plague of 1650 – 1654 halved the city's population.

Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) and René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution.

Western casuistry dates from Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance ( or " confession ").

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

The first holder of the title was John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), the noted English general, and indeed an unqualified reference to the Duke of Marlborough in a historical text will almost certainly refer to him.

* John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), became Duke of Marlborough in 1702

* John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough ( 1650 – 1722 ), soldier and statesman

* 1566 – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer ( d. 1650 )

René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed analytic geometry, an alternative method for formalizing geometry.

* 1650 – Anne-Jules, French general ( d. 1708 )

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630 – 1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thus: " And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter Golem and form tzurah and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck, until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.

** Humanism and Protestant Reformation ( 1500 – 1650 )

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

* November 14 – Nell Gwyn, English mistress of Charles II of England ( b. 1650 )

* Nell Gwyn ( 1650 – 1687 ): actress, mistress to King Charles II of England

By Nell Gwyn ( 1650 – 1687 )

Nell Gwynne, actress and mistress of King Charles II, is said to have been born in Hereford in 1650 ( although other towns and cities, notably Oxford, also claim her as their own ); Gwynn Street is named after her.

Eleanor " Nell " Gwyn ( or Gwynn or Gwynne ) ( 2 February 1650 – 14 November 1687 ) was a long-time mistress of King Charles II of England.

There was one in Bagnigge Vale, London, the summer home of Nell Gwynn ( 1650 – 87 ), and Henry Winstanley ( 1644 – 1703 ), the designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse, is thought to have built one at his home in Saffron Walden, Essex.

However, the first English warship to bear the name Resolution was actually the first rate ( built in 1610 and rebuilt in 1641 ), which was renamed Resolution in 1650 following the inauguration of the Commonwealth, and continued to bear that name until 1660, when the name Prince Royal was restored.

* 1650 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general ( d. 1722 )

* 1650 – John Robinson, English diplomat ( d. 1723 )

The English commentator Thomas Hayne claimed that the prophecies of the Book of Daniel had all been fulfilled by the 1st century (‘ Christs Kingdom on Earth ’, 1645 ), and Joseph Hall expressed the same conclusion concerning Daniel ’ s prophecies (‘ The Revelation Unrevealed ’, 1650 ), but neither of them applied their preterist views to Revelation.

First printed in Amsterdam in 1650 it was translated to French in 1651, German in 1676, English and Dutch in 1729 and Polish in 1963.

The English settled Nevis ( 1628 ), Antigua ( 1632 ), Montserrat ( 1632 ) and later Anguilla ( 1650 ) and Tortola ( 1672 ).

* 1650 – Jeremy Collier, English bishop ( d. 1726 )

* 1650 – Third English Civil War: in the Battle of Dunbar, English Parliamentarian forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat an army loyal to King Charles II of England and led by David Leslie, Lord Newark.

The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written use of the term for a political movement to 1644, but the source cited there, Marchamont Needham's pamphlet The Case for the Commonwealth of England Stated, dates from 1650.

Before initial contact ( 1650 ), the English, based on reports from Algonquian natives, thought the three tribes were one people, grouped by the Algonquian exonym as the Mangoag.

** Phineas Fletcher, English poet ( d. 1650 )

** Thomas May, English poet and historian ( d. 1650 )

* August 20 – William Bedloe, English informer ( b. 1650 )

* September 3 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar ( 1650 ).

* December 18 – Simonds d ' Ewes, English antiquarian and politician ( d. 1650 )

* April 11 – John Robinson, English diplomat ( b. 1650 )

* April 26 – Jeremy Collier, English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian ( b. 1650 )

** John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general ( b. 1650 )

* December 17 – Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, English statesman ( b. 1650 )

** John Parkinson, English herbalist and botanist ( d. 1650 )