* 1812 – British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz.

* 1812 – Alexander Herzen, Russian writer ( d. 1870 )

* 1812 – The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U. S. state under the name Louisiana.

* 1812 – Kaspar Hauser, German mystery boy ( d. 1833 )

* 1812 – Bertalan Szemere, Hungarian politician ( d. 1869 )

* 1812 – War of 1812: The Battle of Fort Dearborn is fought between United States troops and Potawatomi at what is now Chicago, Illinois.

* 1812 – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.

* 1812 – War of 1812: American frigate defeats the British frigate off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning her nickname " Old Ironsides ".

He was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London in 1807 and was its honorary secretary in 1812 – 1817.

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1812 – Peninsula War: A coalition of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces succeed in lifting the two-and-a-half-year-long Siege of Cádiz.

* Alfonso Sanz y Martínez de Arizala ( 28 January 1880, Madrid – 1970 ), married in 1922 to María de Guadalupe de Limantour y Mariscal ( d. 1977, Marbella ), daughter of Julio de Limantour y Marquet ( 17 June 1863, Mexico City – 11 October 1909, Mexico City ) and wife Elena Mariscal y ..., paternal granddaughter of French Joseph Yves de Limantour y Rence de la Pagame ( 1812, Ploemeur – 1885, Mexico City ) and wife Adèle Marquet y Cabannes ( 1820, Bordeaux –?

* 1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist ( d. 1812 )

* 1812 – Agoston Haraszthy Hungarian-American traveler, writer, and winemaker, founded Buena Vista Winery ( d. 1869 )

* 1812 – Peninsular War: French troops engage British-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Majadahonda.

* 1748 – Joseph Schuster, German composer ( d. 1812 )

* 1813 – War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York ( present day Toronto, Canada ).

* Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym: 1718 – 1812

The latter, members of two regiments of Swiss mercenaries transported by Great Britain to Canada to fight the Americans in the War of 1812, had settled in Montreal and Kingston at the close of the war in 1815.

This refusal to accept any renunciation of allegiance to the Crown led to conflict with the United States over impressment, and then led to further conflicts even during the War of 1812, when thirteen Irish American prisoners of war were executed as traitors after the Battle of Queenston Heights ; Winfield Scott urged American reprisal, but none was carried out.

* War of 1812

His father, Ulysses F. Doubleday, fought in the War of 1812, published newspapers and books, and represented Auburn, New York for four years in the United States Congress.

* Uncle Sam ( initials U. S .) is a common national personification of the American government that according to legend came into use during the War of 1812 and was supposedly named for Samuel Wilson a meat packer in New York, who supplied rations for the soldiers.

With the American Revolutionary War came " Brother Jonathan " as another personification and finally after the War of 1812 Uncle Sam appeared.

These were followed by significant numbers of freed Africans in the War of 1812, Irish immigrants in the mid 19th century and Dutch immigrants after World War II.

" The Star-Spangled Banner " has special meaning to Baltimore historically, as it was written during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 by Francis Scott Key, a Baltimorean.

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces.

Three were completed when the War of 1812 broke out ; these were the Santee Canal ( opened 1800 ) in South Carolina, the Middlesex Canal ( opened 1802 ) in Massachusetts and the Dismal Swamp Canal ( opened 1805 ) in Virginia.

The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.

The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada, who were worried about anti-English sentiment among its citizens.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

Despite occasional entanglements with European Powers such as the War of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish-American War, U. S. foreign policy was marked by steady expansion of its foreign trade and scope during the 19th century, and it maintained its policy of avoiding wars with and between European powers.

He was Governor of South Carolina ( 1810 – 1812 ), U. S. Representative ( 1815 – 1819 ), and the minister to Russia ( 1820 – 1830 ).

In 1814, Adams was recalled from Russia to serve as chief negotiator of the U. S. commission for the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.

* 1812 – War of 1812: The U. S. Congress declares war on the United Kingdom.

During the War of 1812, Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U. S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the US abandoned both Fort Osage and Fort Madison, as it did several U. S. forts built during the war, including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby.

Generally, however, despite the two exceptions being the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 which involved conflicts between the U. S. and Great Britain, relations between the U. S. and Canada have been remarkably friendly with an " unfortified boundary " and an agreement " that has kept all fleets of war off the Great Lakes.

* 1814 – War of 1812: In central Alabama, U. S. forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

* April 4, 1812 – U. S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.

* April 30, 1812 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U. S. state.

* June 4, 1812 – Following Louisiana's admittance as a U. S. state, the territory by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory.

* November 5, 1812 – James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton in the U. S. presidential election.

* June 1 – War of 1812: U. S. President James Madison asks the U. S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.

The Vermont Army version of the Green Mountain Boys faded away after Vermont joined the United States as the 14th U. S. state in 1791, although the Green Mountain Boys mustered for the War of 1812, The Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and following World War I as the Vermont National Guard.

When the capital was first moved to Toronto from Newark ( present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake ) in 1796, the Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada were located at the corner of Parliament and Front Streets, in buildings that were burned by U. S. forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident.

Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U. S. fur trading posts in the Oregon Country, most of the route was unused for more than 10 years.

In theory, the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 restored the U. S. back to its possessions in Oregon territory.