Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

* Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee 1861 – 1862.

The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861 – 1865.

* Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861 – 1865.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861 – 62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.

* 1861 – First performance of Arthur Sullivan's debut success, his suite of incidental music for The Tempest, leading to a career that included the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

* 1861 – Stanislas de Guaita, French occultist ( d. 1897 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

* 1796 – George N. Briggs, American politician, 19th Governor of Massachusetts ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

* 1861 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos, Nigeria.

* 1861 – Edith Roosevelt, American wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 27th First Lady of the United States ( d. 1948 )

* 1861 – Sammy Jones, Australian cricketer ( d. 1951 )

* 1811 – Elisha Otis, American inventor and businessman, founded the Otis Elevator Company ( d. 1861 )

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1861 – American Civil War: Maryland's House of Delegates votes not to secede from the Union.

* 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.

* 1861 – Iván Persa, Hungarian-Slovene writer and catholic priest ( d. 1935 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: US Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.

The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861 – 1901 ISBN 99918-47-99-5

* 1766 – Collin McKinney, American surveyor, merchant, politician, and preacher, helped draft the Texas Declaration of Independence ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $ 800 ; rescinded in 1872 ).

Public education was organized on the French model and Istanbul University was reorganized as a modern institution in 1861.

The first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9, 1861.

From there it spread to the United States, arriving at Yale University in 1861, and then to the United Kingdom in 1921.

He attended Harrow School, before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College.

* 1861 – The first documented football match in Canada is played at University College, University of Toronto.

In 1861 he became the editor and proprietor of the Dublin University Magazine and he began to take advantage of double publication, first serializing in the Dublin University Magazine, then revising for the English market.

:*" Ultor de Lacy ", from the Dublin University Magazine, December 1861.

In 1861, he achieved First Class level in the matriculation examination and then attended University College, London.

* Grimsley, Mark, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861 – 1865, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-59941-5.

He was ordained a Baptist minister in Ann Arbor in 1861, and later earned a Ph. D. from State University in Louisville, Kentucky.

* Smith, David C. A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861 – 1960 ( University of Maine Press, 1972 )

In 1861, the library ’ s medical and scientific collections were transferred to the Radcliffe Science Library, which had been built farther north next to the University Museum.

Hertha also raised the debate of higher formal education for women, and in 1861, the University for Women Teachers, Högre lärarinneseminariet, was founded by the state after the suggested woman university in Hertha.

On September 17, 1861, Mrs. Mary Smith Peake taught the first classes to African American children on the grounds of what is now Hampton University at Hampton Roads in Virginia under the shade of the Emancipation Oak.

In 1861, Melbourne participated in the Caledonian Society's Games, but lost the trophy to the Melbourne University Football Club.

Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April 1861 ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1887 ; reprinted by Johns Hopkins University Press in 2001 )

From 1857 to 1861 he studied at the University of Tübingen under Ferdinand Christian Baur, and afterwards in England and Scotland.

Among Whewell's other works — too numerous to mention — were popular writings such as the third Bridgewater Treatise Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology ( 1833 ), and the essay, Of the Plurality of Worlds ( 1853 ), in which he argued against the probability of life on other planets, and also the Platonic Dialogues for English Readers ( 1850 – 1861 ), the Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England ( 1852 ), the essay, Of a Liberal Education in General, with particular reference to the Leading Studies of the University of Cambridge ( 1845 ), the important edition and abridged translation of Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis ( 1853 ), and the edition of the Mathematical Works of Isaac Barrow ( 1860 ).

* Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University