Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

President Lincoln ( center right ) with, from left, Generals Sherman, Grant and Admiral Porter – 1868 painting of events aboard the River Queen ( steamboat ) | River Queen in March, 1865

The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861 – 1865.

* Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861 – 1865.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

* 1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Sayler's Creek – Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia.

* 1865 – American Civil War: Mobile, Alabama, falls to the Union Army.

* 1865 – Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth.

* 1865 – Max Nettlau, German anarchist and historian ( d. 1944 )

* 1865 – James Henry Breasted, American archaeologist and historian ( d. 1935 )

* 1865 – Charles G. Dawes, American general and politician, 30th Vice President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1951 )

* 1865 – Irving Babbitt, American critic and academic ( d. 1933 )

* 1865 – John Radecki, Australian artist ( d. 1955 )

* 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks –

* 1865 – Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano ( b. 1797 )

* 1803 – Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect, designed The Crystal Palace ( d. 1865 )

* 1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders his army to General William Tecumseh Sherman at the Bennett Place near Durham, North Carolina.

* 1865 – Union cavalry troopers corner and shoot dead John Wilkes Booth, assassin of President Lincoln, in Virginia.

* 1865 – Henry George Chauvel, Australian general ( d. 1945 )

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1865 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician ( d. 1952 )

* 1865 – Mikao Usui, Japanese spiritual leader ( d. 1926 )

He then returned to his native district of Quercy, where he produced a series of pictures of peasant life in Eral le dompteur ( 1865 ), Le Nomm Qouael ( 1868 ) and other volumes, similar to the works of Émile Pouvillon.

* 1865 – Abraham Emanuel Fröhlich, Swiss poet ( b. 1796 )

The differences between tantalum and niobium were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand, and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as Louis J. Troost, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865 and finally by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1866, who all proved that there were only two elements.

George Banks ' plays included ' The Slave King ', written for the black actor Ira Aldridge, and ' The Swiss Father '; his popular songs included ' The Minstrel King ', ' Warwickshire Will ', and ' Dandy Jim of Caroline ' based on a negro melody ; and his poetry included ' Daisies in the Grass ' ( 1865 ).

In 1865 he was elected to the Swiss Council of States which he presided in 1869.

Nineteenth century literature presents several early examples that appealed to young readers including: The Swiss Family Robinson ( 1812 ), Waverley ( 1814 ), Oliver Twist ( 1838 ), The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1844 ), Tom Brown's Schooldays ( 1857 ), Great Expectations ( 1860 ), Alice in Wonderland ( 1865 ), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1876 ), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ), Kidnapped ( 1886 ), The Jungle Book ( 1894 ), and Moonfleet ( 1898 ).

He was founder and president of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography from 1838 to 1865.

In 1865, Italy formed part of the Latin Monetary Union in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the French, Belgian and Swiss francs: in fact, in various Gallo-Italic dialects in north-western Italy, the lira was outright called " franc ".

The first established place of entertainment was Henry Yesler's one-story x hall ( built 1865 ), which hosted monologuists, Swiss bellringers, phrenologists and the like.

Zenith SA is a high-end luxury Swiss watch manufacture started in 1865 by Georges Favre-Jacot at the age of 22, in Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel.

* Charles Bally ( 1865 – 1947 ), Swiss linguist

Some of these include the Cervecería Toluca y México by Swiss Agustín Marendaz in 1865, Cervecería Cruz Blanca in Mexico City by Emil Dercher in 1869 ( which produced the first lager ), the San Diego Brewery by Carlos Fredenbaen in 1860, the Cervercería Yucateca by José Ponce Solis in Mérida in 1869 ( with German equipment and a German brewer ), the Fábrica de Cerveza y Hielo in Monterrey in 1886, the Cevercería Piazzini in Monterrey in 1889, the Cervecería Estrella by Juan E. Ohrner in 1890, the Cervecería Guillermo Hasse y Compañia in Orizaba by Henry Manthey, William Hasse, Cuno Van Alten and Adolph Burhard ( which started production at 15, 000 bottles daily and would later change its name to Cervecería Moctezuma ), the Cervecería Chihuahua by Juan Terrazas in Chihuahua in 1896, the Cervecería Sonora by George Gruning, Dr. Albert Hoeffer, and Jacob Schuele in 1896, the Cervecería del Pacífico by Jorge Claussen, Germán Evers and Emilio Philippy in 1900.

Two Vaudois, Charles Monnard ( 1790 – 1865 ) and Louis Vulliemin ( 1797 – 1879 ) carried out their great scheme of translating ( 1837 1840 ) J von Müller's Swiss history with its continuation by Hottinger, and then completed it ( 1841 – 1851 ) down to 1815.

The differences between tantalum and niobium and the fact that no other similar element was present were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand, and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as Louis J. Troost, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865 and finally by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac

Abraham Emanuel Fröhlich ( February 1, 1796, Brugg, Aargau – December 1, 1865 ) was a Swiss poet.

* 1865 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer ( d. 1936 )

* 1865 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer ( d. 1957 )

* 1865 – Rajanikanta Sen, Indian poet and composer ( d. 1910 )

* September 20 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer ( b. 1865 )

* October 3 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer ( b. 1865 )

* March 21 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer and conductor ( b. 1865 )

* March 17 – Pierre-Louis Dietsch, French composer and conductor ( d. 1865 )

* May 17 – Paul Dukas, French composer ( The Sorcerer's Apprentice ) ( b. 1865 )

" Real life " affected Mussorgsky painfully in 1865, when his mother died ; it was at this point that the composer had his first serious bout of either alcoholism or dipsomania.

Paul Abraham Dukas ( 1 October 1865 – 17 May 1935 ) was a French composer, critic, scholar and teacher.

* Charles Price Jones ( 1865 – 1949 ), minister and composer

This is a classic Danish lullabies, written in 1920 by the Danish novelist, playwright and poet, Harald Bergstedt ( 1877 – 1965 ), with music composed by classical composer, Carl Nielsen ( 1865 – 1931 ).

The hymn was set to music in 1865 by the Corfiot operatic composer Nikolaos Mantzaros, who composed two choral versions, a long one for the whole poem and a short one for the first two stanzas ; the latter is the one adopted as the National Anthem of Greece.

* August 29-Gustav Jenner, composer and conductor ( b. 1865 )

* March 23-Théo Ysaÿe, pianist and composer ( b. 1865 )

* September 3-Albéric Magnard, composer ( b. 1865 )

* William Vincent Wallace ( 1812 – 1865 ), composer

* Jean Sibelius ( 1865 – 1957 ), Finnish composer of classical music, or his namesakes:

Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov ( 10 August 1865 – 21 March 1936 ) was a Russian composer of the late Russian Romantic period, music teacher and conductor.

* January 20 – Sebastián Iradier, composer ( died 1865 )

* March 11 – William Vincent Wallace, composer ( d. 1865 )

* January – Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, violinist and composer ( d. 1865 )

* January 22 – Josef Leopold Zvonař, composer, music teacher and critic ( d. 1865 )

His brother was pianist and composer Théo Ysaÿe ( 1865 – 1918 ), and his great-grandson is Marc Ysaÿe, drummer of rock band Machiavel.