President Lincoln ( center right ) with, from left, Generals Sherman, Grant and Admiral Porter – 1868 painting of events aboard the River Queen ( steamboat ) | River Queen in March, 1865

* Mary Hunter Austin ( 1868 – 1934 ), American writer

* 1868 – Hong Beom-do, Korean activist ( d. 1943 )

* 1868 – Paul Claudel, French poet ( d. 1955 )

* 1868 – A massive earthquake near Arica, Peru, causes an estimated 25, 000 casualties, and the subsequent tsunami causes considerable damage as far away as Hawaii and New Zealand.

* 1868 – Constantine I of Greece ( d. 1923 )

* 1917 – Scott Joplin, American musician and composer ( b. 1868 )

* 1868 – Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian mathematician ( d. 1931 )

* 1868 – Bernarr Macfadden, American bodybuilder, author, and publisher, founded Macfadden Publications ( d. 1955 )

* 1868 – French astronomer Pierre Janssen discovers helium.

* 1786 – Ludwig I of Bavaria ( d. 1868 )

* 1868 – Nikolaos Levidis, Greek target shooter

During the Tokugawa period ( 1600 – 1868 ) the Ainu became increasingly involved in trade with Japanese who controlled the southern portion of the island that is now called Hokkaido.

* 1868 – The Abyssinian War ends as British and Indian troops capture Maqdala.

* 1868 – Edgar Lee Masters, American author ( d. 1950 )

The dethroning of queen Isabel II meant a vacuum that was profited by the Bank of New York and some Cubans opposed to the projected extension of the 1837 Abolition Act to finance a Texas style " independence " revolution known as the Cuban 10 Years War ( 1868 – 78 ) lost by the Cubans.

* 1868 – Peter Behrens, German architect and designer ( d. 1940 )

* 1794 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist ( d. 1868 )

August Horch ( 12 October 1868 – 3 February 1951 ) was a German engineer and automobile pioneer, the founder of the manufacturing giant which would eventually become Audi.

* Charles Aubrey Eaton ( 1868 – 1953 ), clergyman and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives, representing the from 1925 – 1933, and the from 1933-1953.

* 1868 – Hugo Eckener, German pilot and businessman ( d. 1954 )

* 1868 – Former Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.

* 1868 – Henry James O ' Farrell, Australian attempted assassin of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

The island of Hokkaido was known to the Ainu as Ainu Moshir, and was formally annexed by the Japanese at the late date of 1868, partly as a means of preventing the intrusion of the Russians, and partly for imperialist reasons.

After the Meiji Restoration ( 1868 ), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning Japan into a great economic and military power in East Asia.

* 1868 – Sakai incident: Japanese samurai kill 11 French sailors in the port of Sakai near Osaka.

Four years after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han.

Map of Japanese provinces ( 1868 ) with Satsuma Province highlighted

Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853 – 1868.

Japanese sources often credit Izumi Yosuke, Suzuki Tokujiro, and Takayama Kosuke, who are said to have invented rickshaws in 1868, inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo shortly before.

Edamame appeared in haikai verse in Japanese in the Edo period ( 1603 – 1868 ), with one example as early as 1638.

The, known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from September 1868 through July 1912.

There were at least two reasons for the speed of Japan's modernization: the employment of more than 3, 000 foreign experts ( called o-yatoi gaikokujin or ' hired foreigners ') in a variety of specialist fields such as teaching English, science, engineering, the army and navy, among others ; and the dispatch of many Japanese students overseas to Europe and America, based on the fifth and last article of the Charter Oath of 1868: ' Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of Imperial rule.

It wasn't until the beginning of the Meiji Era in 1868 that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously.

In 1868, the Japanese government established the Tokyo Arsenal.

Map of Japanese provinces ( 1868 ) with Owari Province highlighted

In January 1868, during the Boshin War, Tōgō was assigned to the paddle-wheel steam warship Kasuga, which participated to the Naval Battle of Awa, near Osaka, against the navy of the Tokugawa Bakufu, the first Japanese naval battle between two modern fleets.

Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868 – 1922.

( Note that names of people born after 1868 are listed Western style, in accordance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style for Japanese Names ).

Ottoman military reform efforts like its contemporary Modernization of Japanese Military 1868 – 1931 managed to develop modern army.

Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868 – 2000.

In the Meiji Period ( 1868 to 1912 ), many Japanese castles were destroyed.

Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family, and was codified as the state religion in 1868 ( State Shinto was abolished by the American occupation in 1945 ).

, born, is widely considered to be the foremost Japanese novelist of the Meiji period ( 1868 – 1912 ).

* Imperial Japanese Navy, the navy of Japan from 1868 until it was dissolved in 1947

The Narashino area of Tsudanuma was used for cavalry maneuvers by the Imperial Guard and the early Imperial Japanese Army, and was visited by the Meiji Emperor early in the Meiji period ( 1868 – 1912 ).