Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 – 1881 ), a lawyer from Rochester, New York, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the Iroquois.

* Albert Austin ( 1881 – 1953 ), British / American actor

* 1881 – Karl Staaf, Swedish athlete ( d. 1953 )

* 1881 – Leo Carrillo, American actor ( d. 1961 )

* 1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1955 )

* 1881 – Louella Parsons, American columnist ( d. 1972 )

In Australia, the grounds currently used are The Gabba in Brisbane ( first staged an England – Australia Test in the 1932 – 33 season ), Adelaide Oval ( 1884 – 85 ), The WACA, Perth ( 1970 – 71 ) the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) ( 1876 – 77 ) and the Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) ( 1881 – 82 ).

Julius's wife, Alan's mother, was Ethel Sara ( née Stoney ; 1881 – 1976 ), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways.

* 1881 – Otto Toeplitz, German mathematician ( d. 1940 )

* Haliotis pourtalesii Dall, 1881 – the Pourtale ’ s abalone

* 1881 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal ( d. 1954 )

* 1881 – In Dodge City, Kansas, Bat Masterson fights his last gun battle.

* 1881 – Francis Ford, American actor ( d. 1953 )

* 1881 – Edward Siegler, American gymnast ( d. 1942 )

* 1881 – Alfred Wagenknecht, German-American activist ( d. 1956 )

* 1881 – Cecil B. DeMille, American director ( d. 1959 )

* 1881 – George Enescu, Romanian composer ( d. 1955 )

Aga Khan I (; or, less commonly but more correctly (; ), was the title accorded to Hasan Ali Shah (; ; 1804 in Kohak, Iran – 1881 in Bombay, India ), the governor of Kirman, 46th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, and prominent Muslim leader in Iran and later in the Indian Subcontinent.

* Alexander II of Russia ( 1818 – 1881 ), emperor of Russia

* Alexander II of Russia ( 1818 – 1881 ), Emperor of Russia

While he was heir-apparent — 1865 to 1881 — Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.

Finally, after several attempts, Alexander II was assassinated by anarchists in 1881, on the very day he had approved a proposal to call a representative assembly to consider new reforms in addition to the abolition of serfdom designed to ameliorate revolutionary demands.

Unlike his father, the new tsar Alexander III ( 1881 – 1894 ) was throughout his reign a staunch reactionary who revived the maxim of " Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and National Character ".

* 1881 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.

Empress Maria with her son, future Nicholas IIThe family of Alexander III being blessed by Jesus Christ in a portrait by Makarov. On the morning of 13 March 1881, Alexander II, aged sixty-two, was killed by a bomb on the way back to the Winter Palace from a military parade.

Alexander II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his son

Alexander III ( 1881 – 94 ) was less liberal but more peaceful.

On March 13, 1881, Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade.

Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: Paul ( 1796 – 1801 ), Alexander I ( 1801 – 1825 ), Nicholas I ( 1825 – 55 ), Alexander II ( 1855 – 81 ), Alexander III ( 1881 – 94 ), and Nicholas II ( 1894 – 1917 ).

The work was written in the wake of pogroms against Jews following the 1881 assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia.

Aided by Matheson's nephew, Alexander Matheson ( 1805 – 1881 ) and MP John Abel Smith, Jardine met several times with Palmerston to argue the necessity for a war plan.

* April 17 – Emperor Alexander II of Russia ( d. 1881 )

* 13 March 1881 — Assassination of the Tsar of the Russian Empire Alexander II of Russia.

* March 11 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1881 )

Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia. Emperor Alexander II, born 17 April 1818, successor of father Nicholas I, assassinated 13 March 1881, married 1841, Marie of Hesse and by Rhine

In 1881, Alexandra and Albert Edward travelled to Saint Petersburg after the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, both to represent Britain and so that Alexandra could provide comfort to her sister, who was now the Tsarina.

The first translation into Yiddish was by Osip Mikhailovich Lerner, who staged the play at the Mariinski Theater in Odessa, Ukraine ( then part of Imperial Russia ) in 1881, shortly after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.

After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the Russian tsar, Alexander assumed absolute power, having suspended the Constitution ( 9 May 1881 ).

* 1969 – Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov, Russian politician ( b. 1881 )

Between 1881 and 1910 all Russian cavalry ( other than Cossacks and Imperial Guard regiments ) were designated as dragoons ; reflecting an emphasis on dismounted action in their training and a growing acceptance of the impracticality of employing historical cavalry tactics against modern firepower.

* 1881 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian novelist ( b. 1821 )

* 1881 – Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter ( d. 1964 )

* 1881 – Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter, costume designer, writer, illustrator ( d. 1962 )

* 1839 – Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Russian composer ( d. 1881 )

* 1794 – Konstantin Thon, Russian architect ( d. 1881 )

* 1821 – Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian writer ( d. 1881 )

* 1881 – Mikhail Drozdovsky, Russian general ( d. 1918 )

* January 23 – Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina ( b. 1881 )

* 1881 – 1885: Stefan Drzewiecki of Podolia, Russian Empire finishes his submarine-building project ( which had begun in 1879 ).

* March 21 – Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer ( d. 1881 )

* November 11 – Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian writer ( d. 1881 )

The repeated waves of pogroms that swept Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th century prompted mass Jewish emigration ( more than 2 million Russian Jews emigrated in the period 1881 – 1920 ).

Ashgabat is a relatively young city, growing out of a village of the same name established by Russian officers in 1881.

Like Lawrence, Russian artist Nicolai Fechin ( 1881 – 1955 ) suffered from tuberculosis and found Taos helpful for managing his health.

These included leading figures of the European ' Enlightenment ' including the philosophers Voltaire, 1694 – 1778 ) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 – 1778 ); the future US Presidents John Adams ( 1735 – 1826 ) and Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 – 1826 ); Benjamin Franklin ( 1706 – 1790 ); the German landscape artist Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau ; the Italian statesman Giuseppe Garibaldi ( 1807 – 1882 ); Russian Tsars Nicholas I ( 1796 – 1855 ) and Alexander I ( 1777 – 1825 ); the king of Persia ; Queen Victoria ( 1819 – 1901 ) and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg ( 1819 – 61 ); Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 – 1832 ); Prince Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau ( 1740 – 1817 ); Prime Ministers William Ewart Gladstone ( 1809 – 1898 ) and Sir Robert Walpole ( 1676 – 1745 ); Queen Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( 1683 – 1737 ); John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute ( 1713 – 92 ) his architect William Burges ( 1827 – 1881 ) and the present Prince of Wales and Princess Margaret.

Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom ( 1881 ), Kishinev pogrom ( 1903 ), Kiev Pogrom ( 1905 ) and the Białystok pogrom ( 1906 ).

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, " the term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 ," and the Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 states that pogroms " were antisemitic disturbances that periodically occurred within the tsarist empire.

In 1881, Balakirev was offered the directorship of the Moscow Conservatory, along with the conductorship of the Moscow branch of the Russian Musical Society.

* Juliusz Rómmel ( 1881 – 1967 ), Polish and Russian military officer, General of the Polish Army

There he gained a Bachelor's degree in 1881, and then completed a Master of Arts degree in 1882 ; his main subjects being Finnish, Russian and Scandinavian History.