Among the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English.

While `` better late than never '' may have certain merits, the posthumous award of the Nobel Prize for Peace to the late Dag Hammarskjold strikes me as less than a satisfactory expression of appreciation.

Dr. Linus Pauling, a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, has been less ambiguous, whether you choose to agree with him or not.

Last week Chicago happily found its top scholar in Caltech's acting dean of the faculty: dynamic Geneticist George Wells Beadle, 57, who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for discovering how genes affect heredity by controlling cell chemistry ( Time, Cover, July 14, 1958 ).

Robert Hillyer, the poet, writes in his introduction to this brief animal fable that Mr. Burman ought to win a Nobel Prize for the Catfish Bend series.

This has caused much controversy whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a " Nobel Prize "

* The Nobel Prize in Postage Stamps

Category: Nobel Prize

Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature " for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times ".< ref >

* 1884 – Otto Meyerhof, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1951 )

* 1865 – Charles G. Dawes, American general and politician, 30th Vice President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1951 )

* 1874 – Carl Bosch, German chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1940 )

* 1915 – Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 2011 )

* 1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1955 )

* 1911 – William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1996 )

He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of " Reverence for Life ", expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Lambaréné, now in Gabon, west central Africa ( then French Equatorial Africa ).

Alexis Carrel ( June 28, 1873 – November 5, 1944 ) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.

While there he collaborated with American physician Charles Claude Guthrie in work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs as well as the head, and Carrel was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for these efforts.

" He had great success in reconnecting arteries and veins, and performing surgical grafts, and this led to his Nobel Prize in 1912 .< ref name = simmons >

* 1872 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate ( d. 1942 )

* 1912 – Salvador Luria, Italian-American microbiologist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1991 )

* 1918 – Frederick Sanger, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

Albert John Luthuli, awarded a Nobel prize for his South African integration struggles, has to get permission to fly to collect his honor.

As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin ; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the work ; and, at 18, he went to the United States for four years to study chemistry, collaborating for a short period under inventor John Ericsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad USS Monitor.

Nobel filed his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.

Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1893.

Nobel travelled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in various countries in Europe and North America and keeping a permanent home in Paris from 1873 to 1891.

Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize, ' for her sincere peace activities '.

Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England.

In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance " Nobel's Safety Powder ", but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for ' power '.

Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health.

The most lucrative award an architect can receive is the Pritzker Prize, sometimes termed the " Nobel Prize for architecture.

Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts.

His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine ( discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow students under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin ).

Dogged by more minor accidents but unfazed, Nobel went on to build further factories, focusing on improving the stability of the explosives he was developing.

During his life Nobel issued 350 patents internationally and by his death had established 90 armaments factories, despite his belief in pacifism.

The obituary stated (" The merchant of death is dead ") and went on to say, " Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.

Fleming's Nobel Prize medal was acquired by the National Museums of Scotland in 1989 and is on display after the museum re-opened in 2011.

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

* The sea slug Aplysia was chosen by Nobel Prize-winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory, because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system, and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments.

Nobel laureate Woodward described a parameter h as a measure of the height of the trigonal pyramid defined by the nitrogen ( as the apex ) and its three adjacent atoms.

In both letters, the author expressed hope that he would be passed over by the Nobel Committee in favour of Alberto Moravia.

As a result, Pasternak sent a second telegram to the Nobel Committee: " In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me.

In 1954, Compañía ‘ Ron Bacardi ’ S. A. paid him homage when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature of his novel The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ), in which he honored the Company by mentioning its Hatuey beer.

The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by seminal work from the Nobel laureates Albert Szent-Györgyi and Hans Adolf Krebs.

* Chemical Affinity and Absolute Zero-1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Presentation Speech by Gerard de Geer

Desmond Tutu, the former Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, has described homophobia as a " crime against humanity " and " every bit as unjust " as apartheid: " We struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about ; our very skins.

The CMB's serendipitous discovery in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned them the 1978 Nobel Prize.

Dynamite was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Krümmel ( Geesthacht, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany ), and patented in 1867.

Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder.

from Oxford University for his thesis on the Reproductive Behaviour of the Ten-spined Stickleback, supervised by Nobel Laureate Niko Tinbergen.

First synthesized in 1874 by Othmar Zeidler, DDT's insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939 by the Swiss scientist Paul Hermann Müller, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his efforts.

It honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel Prizes and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.