While Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamist extremist enjoying the backing of neighboring Pakistan, pushed for continued violent struggle against the Afghan government, Massoud and Rabbani advocated for a peaceful political campaign lobbying officials working for the government and armed forces.

The fourth phase was the " general application " of Massoud's principles to the whole country, and the final demise of the Afghan communist government.

Abdur Rahman Khan was considered a strong ruler who re-established the writ of the Afghan government after the disarray that followed the second Anglo-Afghan war.

In the late 1880s many of the Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman, the first ruler to bring the country of Afghanistan under a centralized Afghan government.

Karmal would remain in exile until December 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan ( with the consent of the Afghan government ) to stabilise the situation in the country, they killed Amin, the leader of the PDPA and the Afghan government.

The Afghan government has reported to the UPU several times about illegal stamps being issued and sold in 2003 and 2007.

It will take at least three years to launch the satellite, with the total cost ranging between 200 to 300 million, major international countries have shown interest in sharing the costs with the Afghan government.

Jimmy Carter had officially ended the policy of Détente, by financially aiding the Mujahideen movement in neighboring Afghanistan, which served as a pretext for the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan six months later, with the aims of supporting the Afghan government, controlled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

* 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms.

In the early modern period under the rule of the Amirs Abdur Rahman ( 1880-1901 ) and Habibullah ( 1901-1919 ), a great deal of Afghan commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government.

The Afghan monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodoties and high taxes.

However, the Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios since receiving bumper crops in 2010.

Plans are being made by the Afghan government to begin extracting these but with the Taliban insurgency and the corruption there is no telling what will happen.

Afghanistan has signed a copper deal with China ( Metallurgical Corp. of China Ltd .) in 2008, which is to a large scale project that involves the investment of $ 2. 8 billion dollars by China and an annual income of about $ 400 million dollars to the Afghan government.

The Afghan government is currently focused on securing continued assistance for rebuilding the economy, infrastructure, and military of the country.

Since 2002, the new Afghan government has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between Iran and the United States have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program.

However, the Marxist-Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population.

Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional Afghan understanding of Islam, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of Islamist participation in Afghan politics.

Socialist, Maoist and liberal factions demonstrated daily in Kabul while more traditional Islamic leaders spoke out against the failure to aid the Afghan countryside.

In the months following the coup, Taraki and other party leaders initiated other radical Marxist policies that challenged both traditional Afghan values and well-established traditional power structures in rural areas.

More traditional elements of political authority — such as Sufi networks, royal lineage, clan strength, age-based wisdom, and the like — still exist and play a role in Afghan society.

In 1978 the Taraki government initiated a series of reforms, including a radical modernization of the traditional Islamic civil and especially marriage law, aimed at " uprooting feudalism " in Afghan society.

Afghan rugs, fur coats, embroidered jackets, waistcoats, sandals, and other traditional Pashtun items are also sold.

Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional Afghan understanding of Islam, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of Islamist participation in Afghan politics.

The museum's mandate is to bring the authentic and traditional aspects of Afghan culture to life.

In traditional Afghan society, Turbans also serve practical purposes such as for wrapping oneself against the cold, to sit on, to tie up an animal or to carry water in the cap.

During times of relative peace in the 1960s and 70s, Radio Kabul hosted a whole generation of traditional and modern Afghan artists such as Ustad Mohammad Hussain Sarahang, Ustad Farida Mahwash, and Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti.

* Buz-baz, traditional Afghan puppet show

In addition, traditional Pashtun music ( especially in the southeast of the country ) has entered a period of " golden years ", according to a prominent spokesman for Afghan Ministry of Interior, Lutfullah Mashal.

These amateurs innovated in Afghan music and created a more modern approach to the traditional folklore and classical music of Afghans.

In the opening ceremonies, a dozen children in various traditional costumes waved Afghan flags and sang songs of peace, including " We are doves, waiting for peace, we are tired of fighting.

Covering the face was enforced by the Taliban regime with the traditional Afghan face veil called the burkha.

The move to this second stage would require the convening of a traditional Afghan " grand assembly ", called a Loya Jirga.

Modern architecture and building methods are more common, now, here than Mud squats and other more traditional Afghan architecture.

The main traditional Afghan music instruments includes:

Most traditional Afghan attire for women consists of a long colorful dress with round skirt.

While Babrak Karmel, Hafizullah Amin, Noor Ahad and Anahita Ratibzada had become candidates for the membership of the Afghan General Assembly, Movi Mohammad Nabi also made himself a candidate of the Logar Province In 1965, he was elected to the Afghan parliament representing the traditional Ulama.

Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel | Afghan Transitional Administration at the July 13, 2002 Loya Jirga in Kabul, Afghanistan.

During this 6-month period, a Loya Jirga, or grand council of Afghan elders and notables, would convene and designate an interim administration which would hold power up to a year, pending elections.

The loya jirga was required to convene within eighteen months of the establishment of Afghan Transitional Administration, which was established by the Emergency Loya Jirga in June 2002.

Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel | Afghan Transitional Administration at the July 2002 Loya jirga | Loya Jirga in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The Afghan Transitional Administration ( alternately the Afghan Transitional Authority ) was the name of a temporary administration of Afghanistan put in place by the 2002 Loya Jirga and followed the Afghan Interim Administration which was installed after the Bonn Conference.

With the introduction of reserved seats provision in the 2002 Emergency Loya Jirga, when ten percent of 1600 seats were reserved for women, the ground was laid for participation of Afghan women in parliament.