Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.

The phenomenon of perspective was closely studied by artists and architects in the Renaissance, who relied mainly on the 11th century polymath, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ), who affirmed the visibility of perceptual space in geometric structuring projections.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ), a pioneer of the scientific method who is considered to be the " Father of Modern Optics " and arguably one of the first scientists.

Recent scholarship indicates that in his work on perspective, Ghiberti was influenced by the Arab polymath Alhazen who had written about the optical basis of perspective in the early 11th century.

The investigations and writings of these Renaissance theorists of architecture and visual art were informed by the studies in classical optics of thirteenth-century Franciscan perspectivists like Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo, who all were directly inspired and influenced by the translation into Latin from Arabic of the Book of Optics ( known in Latinate renditions as Perspectiva, and in Arabic as Kitab al-manazir ) of the eleventh-century Arab polymath and optician, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ).

Among the best known are: Ishaq ibn Hunain ( d. 911 ) ( son of Hunain ibn Ishaq ), the physician and translator of Greek philosophical works into Arabic ; ibn Fadlan, the explorer ; al Battani ( d. 923 ), astronomer ; Tabari ( d. 923 ), historian and theologian ; al-Razi ( d. 930 ), philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry ; al-Farabi ( d. 950 ), chemist and philosopher ; Abu Nasr Mansur ( d. 1036 ), mathematician ; Alhazen ( d. 1040 ), mathematician ; al-Biruni ( d. 1048 ), mathematician, astronomer, physicist ; Omar Khayyám ( d. 1123 ), poet, mathematician, and astronomer ; Mansur Al-Hallaj a mystic, writer and teacher of Sufism most famous for his apparent, but disputed, self-proclaimed divinity, his poetry and for his execution for heresy by Caliph Al-Muqtadir.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

Abu ' Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ma ' udh, who lived in Al-Andalus during the second half of the 11th century, wrote a work on optics later translated into Latin as Liber de crepisculis, which was mistakenly attributed to Alhazen.

One of the first technological precursors of film is the pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura, which was first described in detail by Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), and later perfected by Giambattista della Porta.

According to Mohani Mohamed, the Arabian astronomer Alhazen ( 965 – 1037 ) made the first attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax, and he thus " determined that because the Milky Way had no parallax, it was very remote from the Earth and did not belong to the atmosphere.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

Over a millennium after Euclid, Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) circa 1000 AD conjectured that every even perfect number is of the form 2 < sup > p − 1 </ sup >( 2 < sup > p </ sup >− 1 ) where 2 < sup > p </ sup >− 1 is prime, but he was not able to prove this result.

Many of these early polymaths were also religious priests and theologians: for example, Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin ; the physician Avicenna was a hafiz ; the physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema ; the botanist Otto Brunfels was a theologian and historian of Protestantism ; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest.

Alhazen was the first to demonstrate this with his lamp experiment where several different light sources are arranged across a large area.

The key insight, however, that earned them this credit, was the fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this rendered obsolete most previous methods for computing areas and volumes, which had not been significantly extended since the time of Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ).

The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham ( known as Alhazen in the West ) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam.

Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism, but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism.

The theoretical basis for curved mirrors behaving similar to lenses was probably established by Alhazen, whose theories had been widely disseminated in Latin translations of his work.

* c. 1025-Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ), was the first mathematician to derive the formula for the sum of the fourth powers, and in turn, he develops an algorithm for determining the general formula for the sum of any integral powers, which was fundamental to the development of integral calculus

Ptolemy and Aristotle theorised that light either shone from the eye to illuminate objects or that light emanated from objects themselves, whereas al-Haytham ( known by the Latin name Alhazen ) suggested that light travels to the eye in rays from different points on an object.

and influenced the more famous 11th century Optics by Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ).

He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later pseudo-Aristotelian works, like the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen.

Latin translation of the Book of Optics ( 1021 ), written by the Islamic physics | Iraqi physicist, Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ).

* 1021 – The Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen or Alhacen ) is completed.

In the tenth century, the Arabic scholar Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) also wrote about observing a solar eclipse through a pinhole, and he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pinhole smaller.

Many attempted to find a proof by contradiction, including Persian mathematicians Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen, 11th century ), Omar Khayyám ( 12th century ) and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī ( 13th century ), and the Italian mathematician Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri ( 18th century ).

* 11th century — Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ), an Arabian astronomer, refutes Aristotle's theory on the Milky Way by making the first attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax,

1030-Treasury of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) of Iraq and Egypt

Alhazen also developed the method of proof by contradiction, as the first attempt at proving the Euclidean parallel postulate.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity ; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khora ( i. e. " space "), or in the Physics of Aristotle ( Book IV, Delta ) in the definition of topos ( i. e. place ), or even in the later " geometrical conception of place " as " space qua extension " in the Discourse on Place ( Qawl fi al-Makan ) of the 11th century Arab polymath Alhazen.

At the beginning of the 11th Century, the Arabic scientist Alhazen wrote the first comprehensive treatise on optics ; describing refraction, reflection, and the operation of a pinhole lens via rays of light traveling from the point of emission to the eye.

The Arab polymath al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ; d. ca.

Witelo's Perspectiva was largely based on the work of the Persian polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ; d. ca.

Alhazen did, however, later propose the Earth's rotation on its axis in The Model of the Motions ( c. 1038 ).

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

For example, Alhazen had to feign madness to avoid execution.

His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work.

The physiological basis of visual foreshortening was undefined until the year 1000 when the Arabian mathematician and philosopher, Alhazen, in his Perspectiva, first explained that light projects conically into the eye.

As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ( Discourse on the Method ) and Galileo Galilei.

The most influential Muslim chemists were Jābir ibn Hayyān ( Geber, d. 815 ), al-Kindi ( d. 873 ), al-Razi ( d. 925 ), al-Biruni ( d. 1048 ) and Alhazen ( d. 1039 ).

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

Grosseteste's most famous disciple, Roger Bacon, wrote works citing a wide range of recently translated optical and philosophical works, including those of Alhazen, Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes, Euclid, al-Kindi, Ptolemy, Tideus, and Constantine the African.

In the 6th century AD, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments, Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) ( 965 – 1040 ) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus ( 1193 – 1280 ) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius ( 1516 – 71 ) discovered silver chloride.