Arnulf of Carinthia ( 850 – 8 December 899 ) was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887, the disputed King of Italy from 894 and the disputed Holy Roman Emperor from 22 February 896 until his death.

Arnulf was granted the Duchy of Carinthia, a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania, by his father Carloman, after Carloman had become reconciled with his own father Louis the German and was created King of Bavaria.

Arnulf spent his childhood on the Mosaburch or Mosapurc, which is widely believed to be Moosburg in Carinthia, only a few miles away from one of the Imperial residences, the Carolingian Kaiserpfalz at Karnburg, which before as Krnski grad had been the residence of the Carantanian princes.

Later, after he had been crowned King of East Francia, Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into the March of Carinthia, a part of the Duchy of Bavaria.

After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879, Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria, Charles the Fat was given the Kingdom of Italy and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman.

ga: Arnulf de Carinthia

He was ordained as a subdeacon by Pope Marinus I, followed by his being raised to the deaconate by Pope Stephen V. During the pontificate of Pope Formosus ( 891 – 896 ), he was a member of the party of nobles who supported the Emperor Lambert, who was the opponent of Formosus and the pope ’ s preferred imperial candidate, Arnulf of Carinthia.

Formosus persuaded Arnulf of Carinthia to advance to Rome, invade the Italian peninsula, and take control of Italy.

Under Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, shortly emerged as a regional power, but was destroyed by the Hungarian invasions in the late 9th century.

At the time of Svatopluk I and King Arnulf of Carinthia in the 9th century, Silesia was a part of Greater Moravia ; after its destruction in the early 10th century, it was conquered by Bohemia.

Early in 929 the joint forces of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and King Henry I the Fowler reached Prague in a sudden attack, which forced Wenceslaus to resume the payment of a tribute which had been first imposed by the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia in 895.

* Arnulf of Carinthia

* Arnulf of Carinthia defeats the Normans at the Battle of Leuven.

* Arnulf of Carinthia, King of the East Franks ( d. 899 )

* Arnulf of Carinthia ascends to the throne of Eastern Francia ( modern Germany ).

One of his sons, Henry, sometimes called margrave and duke in Franconia under King Charles the Fat of East Francia, fell fighting against the Normans in 886 ; another, Poppo, was margrave in Thuringia from 880 to 892, when he was deposed by King Charles successor Arnulf of Carinthia.

The Vikings were defeated in 891 by Arnulf of Carinthia near Leuven.

* The Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under the leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia.

* Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign.

* Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia, is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia.

* Arnulf of Carinthia grants Osnabrück trade privileges.

The following year his nephew Arnulf of Carinthia, the illegitimate son of King Carloman of Bavaria, raised the standard of rebellion.

Before 862, the seven Magyar tribes, living in the area they called Etelköz, seceded from the Khazars ; afterwards, they were exacting tribute from the neighbouring Slavic tribes and they fought occasionally as mercenaries on behalf of King Carloman of Bavaria, King Arnulf I of Germany and King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia.

He seems to have no idea about the real state of affairs in the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Magyar Conquest: instead of Simeon I of Bulgaria, Arnulf and Svatopluk, of whom he had no knowledge, he invented imaginary figures as enemies of the Hungarians.

This first invasion may have been unprovoked, but some historians have suspected that the Magyars were either called in by Arnulf, no friend of Berengar's, or by Berengar himself, as allies.

While Arnulf remained alive, the Magyars refrained from any overt acts of pillage, but with Arnulf ’ s death, they proceeded to invade Italy in 900.

In 893 Formosus, apparently nervous about Guy's aggression, invited the Carolingian Arnulf of Carinthia to invade Italy and receive the imperial crown.

At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See.

Svatopluk, however, broke his pledges, thus Arnulf decided to invade Moravia in 891.

After the truce with Guy was signed, Arnulf of Germany endeavoured to invade Italy through Friuli.

Meanwhile Berengar, the Margrave of Friuli had taken the opportunity to take the title of an Italian king, but had to submit himself to Arnulf, after the Carolingian had threatened to invade the country.

As early as 880, Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia, and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of Methodius, with the aim of preventing any potential for creating a unified Moravian nation.

Arnulf, however, failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia when he attempted it in 892, 893, and 899.

Yet Arnulf did achieve some successes, in particular in 895, when Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal.

That same year Hugh, along with Herbert II of Vermandois, Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great, and supported him in his struggle against Louis.

In Slovakia, the cross of Lorraine as a symbol of Lorraine is considered to have arisen when the Great Moravian king Svatopluk I " passed " it to Zwentibold of Lorraine, the godchild of Svatopluk and son of the emperor Arnulf of Carinthia.

* Arnulf I the Great ( r. 918-964 ), son of Baldwin II, joinly with:

At that moment, Arnulf, king of Carinthia, at war with the Slav ruler Svatopluk, king of Great Moravia, decided like the Byzantines to appeal to the Hungarians.

Arnulf of Flanders ( c. 890 – March 28, 965 ), called the Great, was the third Count of Flanders, who ruled the County of Flanders, an area that is now northwestern Belgium and southwestern Holland.

Arnulf was the son of count Baldwin II of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex, daughter of Alfred the Great.

* Arnulf I the Great ( 933-962 ), Count of Flanders ( 918-64 )

The little we know about his reign includes a military alliance he concluded in 892 with the East Frankish ( German ) King Arnulf of Carinthia against Great Moravia which, having in mind the interests of the Byzantine Empire, was indirectly aimed against Constantinople.

Probably around 874 they were subjugated by the Great Moravian king Svatopluk I, who was a contemporary of the emperor Arnulf, and the Vistulan duke was forced to accept baptism.

By means of Zwentibold ( the ruler of Lorraine, son of the German emperor Arnulf of Carinthia and godchild of the Great Moravian king Svatopluk I ), this symbol got to Lorraine and is called the cross of Lorraine there.