The first large-scale trial evaluating the efficacy of BCG was conducted from 1956 to 1963, and involved 54, 239 school children who received BCG at the age of 14 or 15 ; this study showed an efficacy of 84 % up to five years after immunization.

However, a US Public Health Service trial of BCG in Georgia and Alabama published in 1966 showed an efficacy of only 14 %, and did much to convince the US it did not want to implement mass immunization with BCG.

* United States: The US has never used mass immunization of BCG, relying instead on the detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis.

* United Kingdom: The UK introduced universal BCG immunization in 1953, and until 2005, the UK policy was to immunize all school children at the age of 13, and all neonates born into high-risk groups.

Styblo and Meijer argued neonatal immunization protected against miliary TB and other noncontagious forms of TB, and not pulmonary TB which was a disease of adults, and that mass immunization campaigns with BCG would therefore not be expected to have a significant public health impact.

Routine immunization with BCG was withdrawn in 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12, 000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB.

* India and Pakistan: India and Pakistan introduced BCG mass immunization in 1948, the first countries outside Europe to do so.

* Brazil: Brazil introduced universal BCG immunization in 1967-1968, and the practice continues until now.

The characteristic raised scar BCG immunization leaves is often used as proof of prior immunization.

BCG immunization generally causes some pain and scarring at the site of injection.

* The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) immunization for tuberculosis is first developed.

* The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) immunization for tuberculosis is first developed.

Bacillus Calmette – Guérin ( or Bacille Calmette – Guérin, BCG ) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated ( weakened ) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured ( 230 passages ) in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

At best, the BCG vaccine is 80 % effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years ; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography.

As of 2006, only a few countries do not use BCG for routine vaccination.

The reasons for the variable efficacy of BCG in different countries are difficult to understand.

The reasons for variable efficacy have been discussed at length in a WHO document on BCG.

As Th1 response is required for an effective immune response to tuberculous infection, concurrent infection with various parasites produces a simultaneous Th2 response, which blunts the effect of BCG.

Tuberculosis: The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis.

* WHO BCG policy: The WHO recommend BCG be given to all children born in countries highly endemic for TB because it protects against miliary TB and TB meningitis.

An apparatus ( 4-5 cm length, with 9 short needles ) used for BCG vaccination in Japan, shown with ampules of BCG and saline

* Leprosy: BCG has a small protective effect against leprosy of around 26 %, although it is not used specifically for this purpose.

* Diabetes, type 1: Clinical trials based on the work of Denise Faustman use BCG to induce production of TNF-α, which can kill the T-cells responsible for type 1 diabetes.

BCG appears safe as a treatment for multiple sclerosis, although it is not commonly used.

In 2007, The WHO stopped recommending BCG for infants with HIV, even if there is a high risk of exposure to TB, because of the risk of disseminated BCG infection ( which is approximately 400 per 100, 000 ).

Improvements were made in nursing accommodation in order to recruit more nurses and reduce labour shortages which were keeping 60, 000 beds out of use, and efforts were made to reduce the imbalance “ between an excess of fever and tuberculosis ( TB ) beds and a shortage of maternity beds .” In addition, BCG vaccinations were introduced for the protection of medical students, midwives, nurses, and contacts of patients with TB, while a pension scheme was set up for employees of the newly-established NHS.

In case of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer the TUR is initself the treatment, but in case of muscle invasive cancer, the procedure is insufficient for final treatment. Immunotherapy in the form of BCG instillation is also used to treat and prevent the recurrence of superficial tumors.

In the late 1960s Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group ( BCG ) began to emphasize the implications of the experience curve for strategy.

Research by BCG in the 1970s observed experience curve effects for various industries that ranged from 10 to 25 percent.

The BCG strategists examined the consequences of the experience effect for businesses.

According to BCG, the most effective business strategy was one of striving for market dominance in this way.

* Frequently Asked Questions about BCG Professor P D O Davies, Tuberculosis Research Unit, Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool, UK.

The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in 1921.

Pacis ® BCG, made from the Montréal ( Institut Armand-Frappier ) strain, was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002.

* July 18 – The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given.

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG (" Bacille de Calmette et Guérin ").

* July 18-The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis.

* Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered how to culture the tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( so called BCG or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ) at Institut Pasteur de Lille and developed in 1921 the first effective antituberculosis vaccine ;

The billings for the first month of BCG were only US $ 500.

The General Business Screen was originally developed to help marketing managers overcome the problems that are commonly associated with the Boston Matrix ( BCG ), such as the problems with the lack of credible business information, the fact that BCG deals primarily with commodities not brands or Strategic Business Units ( SBU's ), and that cashflow is often a more reliable indicator of position as opposed to market growth / share.

The BCG strategists developed product portfolio techniques like the BCG Matrix ( in part ) to manage this strategy.

" The site was launched in May 2000 by travel and tourism professionals from The Boston Consulting Group ( BCG ), and was further developed and backed by iFormation Group, a partnership between BCG, Goldman Sachs and General Atlantic Partners.