Biological taxonomy is not fixed, and opinions about the correct status of taxa at all levels, and their correct placement, are constantly revised as a result of new research.

As part of the accession negotiations of West Germany to the Western European Union at the London and Paris Conferences, the country was forbidden ( by Protocol No III to the revised Treaty of Brussels of 23 October 1954 ) to possess Nuclear, Biological or Chemical weapons.

" In Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-speaking Peoples, edited by Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, and Jack Golson, pp. 15 – 66.

In the 1990s he has edited several books, like " Frontiers of Scientific Visualization " ( 1994 ) and " Visualizing Biological Information " ( 1995 ).

Laughlin was a member or fellow of several professional societies, edited the American Journal for Physical Anthropology ( 1958-1963 ), and served on several scientific committees, including the U. S. National Committee for the International Biological Program, the Committee to Evaluate National Science Foundation Programs, and the Programs Advisory Committee of the National Institutes for Dental Research.

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field ," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork.

Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threats or by actual deployments.

There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare, as the use of toxins produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Offensive biological warfare, including mass production, stockpiling and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention ( BWC ).

The late author Sheldon H. Harris in his book " Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover up " wrote that, The test program, could be part of Project AGILE or Project OCONUS which began in fall 1962 and which was funded at least through fiscal year 1963, was considered by the Chemical Corps to be “ an ambitious one .” The tests were designed to cover “ not only trials at sea, but Arctic and tropical environmental tests as well .” The tests, presumably, were conducted at what research officers designated, but did not name, “ satellite sites .” These sites were located both in the continental United States and in foreign countries.

Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it.

Biological agents are relatively easy to obtain by terrorists and are becoming more threatening in the U. S., and laboratories are working on advanced detection systems to provide early warning, identify contaminated areas and populations at risk, and to facilitate prompt treatment.

* Bioterrorism and Biocrimes. The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900, by W. Seth Carus

* Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention on Biological Diversity in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

General limitations about the structure and philosophy of CITES include: by design and intent it focuses on trade at the species level and does not address habitat loss, ecosystem approaches to conservation, or poverty ; it seeks to prevent unsustainable use rather than promote sustainable use ( which generally conflicts with the Convention on Biological Diversity ), although this has been changing ( see Nile Crocodile, African elephant, South African white rhino case studies in Hutton and Dickinson 2000 ).

Suggestions for improvement in the operation of CITES include: more regular missions by the Secretariat ( not reserved just for high profile species ); improvement of national legislation and enforcement ; better reporting by Parties ( and the consolidation of information from all sources-NGOs, TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network and Parties ); more emphasis on enforcement-including a technical committee enforcement officer ; the development of CITES Action Plans ( akin to Biodiversity Action Plans related to the Convention on Biological Diversity ) including: designation of Scientific / Management Authorities and national enforcement strategies ; incentives for reporting and timelines for both Action Plans and reporting.

Damage to forests and other aspects of nature could halve living standards for the world's poor and reduce global GDP by about 7 % by 2050, a report concluded at the Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) meeting in Bonn.

189 countries which are signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity ( Rio Accord ) have committed to preparing a Biodiversity Action Plan, a first step at identifying specific endangered species and habitats, country by country.

) The earliest use of the phrase seems to have been in an IBM advertising supplement to the New York Times published on April 30, 1961 and by Frank Fremont-Smith, Director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Interdisciplinary Conference Program, in an April 1961 article in the AIBS Bulletin ( p.

Legal action by the Center for Biological Diversity led to federal listing of the cat on the endangered species list in 1997.

Biological psychiatry follows a biomedical model where many mental disorders are conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits likely caused by developmental processes shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience.

Biological evolution proceeds by random variation in ensemble averages of organisms combined with culling of the less-successful variants and reproduction of the more-successful variants, and macroscale engineering design also proceeds by a process of design evolution from simplicity to complexity as set forth somewhat satirically by John Gall: " A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked.

However, the American Institute of Biological Sciences also notes bones of dead elephants, left on the ground and subsequently trampled by other elephants, tend to bear marks resembling butchery marks, which have previously been misinterpreted as such by archaeologists.

* Mayor, Adrienne, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World.

The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work, such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy, and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice.

Report on Biological Warfare Defense Vaccine Research & Development Programs.

* Emeritus Professor Gavin P Vinson, at the School of Biological & Chemical Studies, Queen Mary, University of London.

It also hosts the Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences whose founding dean was Arthur Riggs.

* Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences at City of Hope National Medical Center

The Earth & Biological Sciences Building was completely rebuilt between 2000 and 2002 and is now one of the most technologically advanced science buildings in the state.

* Cassis, Gerasimos & Gross, Gordon ( 1995 ): Australian Biological Resources Study – Hemiptera: Heteroptera ( Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha ).

Since then the OCC Foundation, using funds designated for the Orange Coast College School of Sailing & Seamanship, has refurbished the facilities on the island, made significant capital improvements, and has helped fund the use of the island as a field station to teach summer classes in Island Ecology, Biological Diversity, Vertebrate Biology, Intertidal Ecology, kayaking, and photography.

* Biological, Chemical & Practice based alternatives to the agricultural use of Methyl Bromide.

The College of Liberal Arts provides major concentrations in 31 academic areas, including: Anthropology, Art, Art History, Behavioral Science, Biology, Biological Anthropology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Business, Chemistry, Chinese, Classics, Computer Science, Economics, Environmental Studies & Sustainability, English, French, German, History, Mathematics, Music, Neurosciences ( includes psychobiology ), Pan-African Studies, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religious Studies, Sociology, Spanish, Theater Arts, and Women's and Gender Studies.

< em > Biological Conservation </ em > < strong > 102 </ strong >, 309 – 323 .</ ref > and these populations have been shown to be genetically distinct .< ref > Osborne, M. J., Norman, J. A., Christidis, L. & Murray, N. D. ( 2000 ).

* The Biological & Physical Sciences Library which is situated in the Oppenheimer Life Sciences Building on East Campus and serves the Faculty of Science, together with the Geomaths Library.

The campus has nine academic departments: the Department of Biological Sciences, the Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, the Department of English, the Department of Humanities, the Department of Management, the Department of Philosophy, the Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, the Department of Psychology, and the Department of Social Sciences.

" Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry ".

* City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, private, not-for-profit graduate school-Duarte

Other buildings include Rike Hall ( named after the founder of the Rike Kumler company, since merged into Federated Department Stores, home of the Raj Soin College of Business ); the Diggs Laboratory ( a Gold LEED certified building ), University Hall ( administrative offices, University College, and the College of Nursing and Health ), the Creative Arts Center, the Mathematical and Microbiological Sciences Building ( M & M ), the Fritz and Dolores Russ Engineering Center ( home of the College of Engineering and Computer Science ), the Medical Sciences Building, Biological Sciences Building, Health Sciences Building ( home of the School of Professional Psychology ), Joshi Research Center, and the Student Union ( which was created by combining the former gymnasium and University Center ).

Ashridge Commons & Woods () is a 640. 1 hectare ( 1581. 7 acre ) Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.

* Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War ( with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg ) Simon & Schuster ( 2001 ) ISBN 0-684-87158-0

* The School of Arts and Sciences is home to the following departments: American Studies / Media & Communications ; Biological Sciences ; Chemistry and Physics ; English ; History and Philosophy ; Mathematics, Computer and Information Science ; Modern Languages ; Politics, Economics and Law ; Industrial and Labor Relations ; Psychology ; Sociology ; and Visual Arts.

“ Roles of Nicotinic Receptors in Acetylcholinestrase Inhibitor-Induced Neuroprotection and Nicotinic Receptor Up-Regulation ” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32. 3.

* Shimohama, S. “ Nicotinic Receptor Mediated Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Disease Models ” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32. 3.

* Departments: Biological sciences, Chemistry, Computer science, Engineering, Centre for Environmental and Marine sciences ( Scarborough Campus ), Geography, Physics, Psychology, Sports science Healthcare science & Exercise science

The institute is divided into six departments: Biological Chemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology, Computational & Systems Biology, Crop Genetics, Metabolic Biology and Molecular Microbiology.