Most Chinese emperors used a mix of Legalism and Confucianism as their ruling doctrine, often with the latter embellishing the former.

In the film, Marker's commentary overlaps scenes from China, such as tombs which, contrary to Westernized understandings of Chinese legends, do not contain the remains of any Ming Dynasty emperors.

The Chinese tradition since the Jin Dynasty ( 3rd century AD ) that emperors of one dynasty would sponsor the writing of the official history of the immediately preceding dynasty has been cited in favor of an ethnically inclusive interpretation of history.

" heavenly sovereign "), which is used exclusively to refer to an emperor of Japan, and kōtei ( 皇帝, the title used for Chinese emperors ), which is used primarily to describe non-Japanese emperors.

Japanese monarchs placed themselves from 607 on equal footing with Chinese emperors in titulary terms, but rarely was the Chinese-style " Son of Heaven " term used.

After 1271, the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty also took the Chinese title huangdi, or Chinese emperor.

The Vietnamese emperors also gave this title to their ancestors who were lords or influence figures in the previous dynasty like the Chinese emperors.

One of the greatest emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Wu Di.

* The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.

The tradition of tracing Chinese political history from heroic early emperors to the Xia to succeeding dynasties comes from the idea of the Mandate of Heaven, in which only one legitimate dynasty can exist at any given time, and was promoted by the Confucian school in the Eastern Zhou period, later becoming the basic position of imperial historiography and ideology.

Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings as far back as the 10th century BC and were a favoured fruit of kings and emperors.

Category: Chinese emperors

" This is further evidenced by the fact that Chinese emperors since Ying Zheng also typically took on the title 帝 rather than 皇帝, e. g. Han Wu Di 漢武帝 " Emperor Wu of Han ", and it was not until much later that the term Huang Di 皇帝 came to be used interchangeably with the shorter Di 帝.

Category: Chinese emperors

After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling dynasties of Chinese emperors, most of which lasted several hundred years.

Some of Japan's literary monuments were written during the Nara period, including the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, the first national histories, compiled in 712 and 720 respectively ; the Man ' yōshū, an anthology of poems ; and the Kaifūsō, an anthology written in Chinese by Japanese emperors and princes.

Tang China never sent official envoys to Japan, for Japanese kings, or emperors as they styled themselves, did not seek investiture from the Chinese emperor.

Shangdi can also be referred to simply as " Di ", in the inscriptions found on the oracle bone archeological artifacts and in the Thirteen Classics of Chinese literature, although the interpretation of " Di " can be ambiguous, since dì ( 帝 ) means " divinity " or " emperor "; and, thus, " Di " can be used to refer to various divine spiritual beings or also to actual or legendary emperors.

In Chinese history, the emperors and seniors ' given names must be avoided as they are a naming taboo.

I never found it among any of the Chinese with whom I spoke, though granted they were, almost all, members of the official family who, presumably, harbor official thoughts.

* Au ( surname ), a Chinese family name

* Chinese language, a language or family of languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China

Following an Old Chinese reconstruction, his family and personal name respectively may have been Kʰˤoŋʔ Kʷʰə, while his courtesy name may have been Truŋsnˤərs.

For example, it has been suggested that, in the early 20th century Shanghai, “ Western food, and in particular identifiably nourishing items like milk, became a symbol of a neo-traditional Chinese notion of family .”

As the republicans were based in Canton ( a Cantonese speaking area, now commonly known as Guangzhou ), Chiang became known by Westerners under the Cantonese romanization of his courtesy name, while the family name as known in English seems to be the Mandarin pronunciation of his Chinese family name, transliterated in Wade-Giles )

* Dong ( Chinese surname ), a transliteration of Chinese family names 董, 東 ( in Mandarin pinyin )

The first shot shows the gate to the mission station from the outside being attacked and broken open by Chinese Boxer rebels, then there is a cut to the garden of the mission station where the missionary and his family are seated.

A member of the Cryptobranchidae family, hellbenders are the only members of the Cryptobranchus genus, and are joined only by one other genus of salamanders ( Andrias, which contains the Japanese and Chinese giant salamanders ) at the family level.

The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family, which includes languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan languages, which include Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many others ; Semitic languages, which include Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew ; and the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.

Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of " universal love " ( jiān ' ài, 兼愛 ).

Martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes ; the central impetus for the attempt by the People's Republic of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages.

Another tradition that influenced Beijing cuisine ( as well as influenced by the latter itself ) is the Chinese imperial cuisine that originated from the " Emperor's Kitchen " (), which referred to the cooking facilities inside the Forbidden City, where thousands of cooks from different parts of China showed their best culinary skills to please the imperial family and officials.

Loongson is a MIPS-compatible family of microprocessors designed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The internal microarchitecture of Loongson microprocessors was designed independently by the Chinese, and early implementations of the family lacked four instructions patented by MIPS Technologies.

The Sino-Tibetan languages are a family of some 250 languages of East Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia, including the Sinitic ( Chinese ) and Tibeto-Burman languages.

Charles Forbes viewed the family as uniting the Gangetic and Lohitic branches of Max Müller's Turanian, a huge family consisting of all the Eurasian languages except the Semitic, Aryan ( Indo-European ) and Chinese languages.

However, Jacques ( 2006 ) notes, " comparative work has never been able to put forth evidence for common innovations to all the Tibeto-Burman languages ( the Sino-Tibetan languages to the exclusion of Chinese )," and that " it no longer seems justified to treat Chinese as the first branching of the Sino-Tibetan family ," as the morphological divide between Chinese and Tibeto-Burman has been bridged by recent reconstructions of Old Chinese.

* Family tree of his descendants ( in Simplified Chinese )

Instead of true cinnamon, " Chinese cinnamon " ( also known as rougui, the ground bark of the cassia tree, a close relative of true cinnamon which is often sold as cinnamon ), may be used.

Thus Vietnamese, Tai – Kadai and Hmong – Mien ( Miao – Yao ), all languages with a similar tone system to Chinese, were classified under the Sino-Tibetan tree.

* Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fishnets.

Chestnut trees are of moderate growth rate ( for the Chinese chestnut tree ) to fast-growing for American and European species.

A breakthrough in crossbreeding of American chestnut DNA and Chinese chestnut DNA has allowed the beginning of restoration of the American chestnut tree.

A tree planted in 2005 in the tree library outside the USDA building is still very healthy seven years later ; it contains 98 % American chestnut DNA and 2 % Chinese chestnut DNA.

This tree contains enough Chinese chestnut DNA to resist the blight which is essential for restoring the American chestnut trees into the Northeast.

Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ; in Chinese and Japanese 銀杏, pinyin romanization: yín xìng, Hepburn romanization: ichō or ginnan ), also spelled gingko and known as the Maidenhair Tree, is a unique species of tree with no close living relatives.

Well known species in the genus Pistacia include P. vera, the pistachio, grown for its edible seeds ; P. terebinthus, from which terebinth resin, a turpentine, is produced ; P. lentiscus, source of the plant resin mastic ; and P. chinensis, the Chinese pistache, cultivated as an ornamental tree.

Pistacia chinensis ( Chinese pistache ), the most frost-tolerant species in the genus, is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its bright red autumn leaf colour.

They are still notable for their collection of trees ( specimens include a holm oak, silver pendent lime, tulip tree, golden yew, purple beech, cedar of Lebanon, ginkgo, giant redwood, tree of heaven, incense cedar, Corsican pine, magnolia and a rare Chinese gutta-percha ) and they still contain a number of vestigial curiosities from the past ( notably an 18th-century ‘ cowshed ’ set into the remnants of the Royalist earthworks of 1642, and a sculpture of Warden Bowra ).

Among the native Sitka spruce, western hemlock and wildflowers, the garden is a unique experimental outdoor laboratory, featuring a great many exotic species such as South African honeybush, New Zealand and Tasmanian tree ferns, Chinese fig hazel, Australian Grevillia, and Chilean flame and lantern trees.

The longest family tree in the world today is that of the Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius ( 551 – 479 BC ), and he is the descendant of King Tang ( 1675 – 1646 BC ).

Lamma was named after the shape of the island which looks like the fork of a tree, or the Chinese character 丫 ( pronounced " ah " in Cantonese, and which has the same shape as the letter Y ), and Naam meaning " south " (/ l / is a lazy sound of / n /).

The provincial flower is the Chinese hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ), and the provincial tree the Ironwood ( Hopea odorata ).

Due to the wide proliferation of Buddhist texts available in Chinese and the large number of foreign monks who came to teach Buddhism in China, much like new branches growing from a main tree trunk, various specific focus traditions emerged.

** The Chinese name of Lithocarpus glaber, the Japanese oak, a tree species

Ziziphus zizyphus ( from Greek ζίζυφον, zizyfon ), commonly called jujube ( sometimes jujuba ), red date, Chinese date, Korean date, or Indian date is a species of Ziziphus in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae, used primarily as a shade tree that also bears fruit.

The distinctive sound of exotica relies on a variety of instruments: conga, bongos, vibes, Indonesian and Burmese gongs, boo bams ( bamboo sticks ), Tahitian log, Chinese bell tree and Japanese kotos.

Another fanciful translation is " land of divine mulberry trees " for Fusō — fuso was a Chinese name for a mythical tree supposed to grow to the east, hence an old poetic word for Japan.

Looking South-South-East at the Event Pavilion from the Chinese tulip tree | Chinese Tulip Tree plantings at The National Arboretum Canberra.