EPR ( Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ) paradox

Albert Einstein and his colleagues Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen ( known collectively as EPR ) designed a thought experiment intended to reveal what they believed to be inadequacies of quantum mechanics.

", authored by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen in 1935, condensed the philosophical discussion into a physical argument.

Though the EPR paper has often been taken as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen.

Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen asked how can the second particle " know " to have precisely defined momentum but uncertain position?

However, the principle of locality appeals powerfully to physical intuition, and Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen were unwilling to abandon it.

* A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?

* Selleri, F. ( 1988 ) Quantum Mechanics Versus Local Realism: The Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen Paradox.

* The Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory ; 1. 2 The argument in the text ; http :// plato. stanford. edu / entries / qt-epr /# 1. 2

* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: " The Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory " by Arthur Fine.

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Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen describing the EPR paradox and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter.

The counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics about strongly correlated systems were first discussed by Albert Einstein in 1935, in a joint paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen.

In this study, they formulated the EPR paradox ( Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen Paradox ), a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was incomplete.

Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article — named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen — in 1935.

In his groundbreaking 1964 paper, " On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox ", physicist John Stewart Bell presented an analogy ( based on spin measurements on pairs of entangled electrons ) to EPR's hypothetical paradox.

Following the argument in the Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ( EPR ) paradox paper ( but using the example of spin, as in David Bohm's version of the EPR argument ), Bell considered an experiment in which there are " a pair of spin one-half particles formed somehow in the singlet spin state and moving freely in opposite directions.

* 1935 Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen put forth the EPR paradox

* Nathan Rosen, co-author with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky of physics paper about the EPR paradox in quantum mechanics

1935: Publication of the article by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen arguing that quantum mechanics was incomplete, as its formalism was non-local, which the authors assumed to not possibly reflect some true underlying mechanism that remained to be discovered.

In fact, Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen did show that if quantum mechanics is correct, then the classical view of how the real world works ( at least after special relativity ) is no longer tenable.

* A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen argued that " elements of reality " ( hidden variables ) must be added to quantum mechanics to explain entanglement without action at a distance.

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen had proposed their definition of a " complete " description as one which uniquely determines the values of all its measurable properties.

argument of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen contains an ambiguity as regards the meaning of the expression " without in any way disturbing a system.

Bell, On the Einstein – Poldolsky – Rosen paradox, Physics 1 195-200 ( 1964 ).

Lorentzian wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or Einstein – Rosen bridges are connections between areas of space that can be modeled as vacuum solutions to the Einstein field equations, and which are now understood to be intrinsic parts of the maximally extended version of the Schwarzschild metric describing an eternal black hole with no charge and no rotation.

In this spacetime, it is possible to come up with coordinate systems such that if you pick a hypersurface of constant time ( a set of points that all have the same time coordinate, such that every point on the surface has a space-like separation, giving what is called a ' space-like surface ') and draw an " embedding diagram " depicting the curvature of space at that time, the embedding diagram will look like a tube connecting the two exterior regions, known as an " Einstein – Rosen bridge ".

The Einstein – Rosen bridge was discovered by Albert Einstein and his colleague Nathan Rosen, who first published the result in 1935.

The analysis of the radial geodesic motion of a massive particle into an Einstein – Rosen bridge shows that the proper time of the particle extends to infinity.

Timelike and null geodesics in the gravitational field of a Schwarzschild wormhole are complete because the expansion scalar in the Raychaudhuri equation has a discontinuity at the event horizon, and because an Einstein – Rosen bridge is represented by the Kruskal diagram in which the two antipodal future event horizons are identified.

These results suggest that all observed astrophysical black holes may be Einstein – Rosen bridges, each with a new universe inside that formed simultaneously with the black hole.

The project was established in 1986 to assemble, preserve, translate, and publish papers selected from the literary estate of Albert Einstein and from other collections.

Hapgood audiotaped and transcribed a number of Babbitt's " trance lectures " which purported to come from Jesus, Albert Einstein, Mark Twain, and the Hindu god Vishnu, using the material to publish his final three books: Voices of Spirit, Through the Psychic Experience of Elwood Babbitt ( 1975 ), Talks with Christ and His Teachers Through the Psychic Gift of Elwood Babbitt ( 1981 ), and The God Within: a Testament of Vishnu, a Handbook for the Spiritual Renaissance ( 1982 ).

Einstein did not respond to this or to Reich's future correspondence – Reich would write regularly reporting the results of his experiments – until Reich threatened three years later to publish their previous exchange.

Kaluza wrote to Einstein who, in turn, encouraged him to publish.

* S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein publish papers in Zeitschrift für Physik applying Bose – Einstein statistics to light quanta and to atomic models and predicting existence of the Bose – Einstein condensate.

Harry offered to publish MacLeish's long poem Einstein in a deluxe edition, and paid MacLeish US $ 200 for his work.

It is set on October 8, 1904, and both men are on the verge of an amazing idea ( Einstein will publish his special theory of relativity in 1905 and Picasso will paint Les Demoiselles d ' Avignon in 1907 ) when they find themselves at the Lapin Agile, where they have a lengthy debate about the value of genius and talent while interacting with a host of other characters.

Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta ( now called photons ).

Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik which published it.

Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta ( now called photons ).

Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it ( The Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005 .).

Einstein published his first paper on relativistic cosmology in 1917, in which he added this cosmological constant to his field equations in order to force them to model a static universe.

In another paper published in that same year, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism.

In the EPR paper ( 1935 ) the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables ( i. e. variables which were, at that point, still obscure to him ), without any other change, to achieve an acceptable theory.

In contrast, John Bell, in his 1964 paper, showed that quantum mechanics and the class of hidden variable theories Einstein favored would lead to different experimental results: different by a factor of for certain correlations.

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

Albert Einstein created the foundations for the laser and maser in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived Max Planck ’ s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Moreover, in another paper published the same month in 1905, Einstein made several observations on a then-thorny problem, the photoelectric effect.

In another paper of 1924, named " Concerning the Aether ", Einstein argued that Newton's absolute space, in which acceleration is absolute, is the " Aether of Mechanics ".

" Five years later, Albert Einstein published his paper on special relativity, which challenged the very simple set of rules laid down by Newtonian mechanics, which had been used to describe force and motion for over two hundred years.

Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter ( in German ) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung ( translated by himself as entanglement ) " to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment ".

Special relativity ( SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR ) is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein ( after the considerable and independent contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others ) in the paper " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies ".

However, the most common set of postulates remains those employed by Einstein in his original paper.

The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein published his paper in 1905, but three experiments conducted between 1881 and 1938 were critical to its validation.

* March 17 – Albert Einstein publishes his paper On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light, in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta.

Albert Einstein, in his paper of 1905 that established relativity, showed that both the electric and magnetic fields are part of the same phenomena viewed from different reference frames.