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* Evolutionary species vs. chronospecies from Dr. Steven M. Carr, Memorial University of Newfoundland biology department
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Evolutionary and species
Evolutionary biology is the study of the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time.
* Evolutionary linguistics – study of the origin and subsequent development of language by the human species.
Evolutionary Biologist Richard Dawkins notes " perhaps several different species " of robust hominids, and " as usual their affinities, and the exact number of species, are hotly disputed.
* Evolutionary paradigm: A group of individuals of the same species living in close-enough proximity that any member of the group can potentially mate with any other member.
Evolutionary relay describes how independent species acquire similar characteristics through their evolution in similar ecosystems at different times — for example the dorsal fins of extinct ichthyosaurs and sharks.
Evolutionary biologist Joan Roughgarden argues that, in addition to male and female sexes ( as defined by the production of small or large gametes ), more than two genders exist in hundreds of animal species.
* Wink, M .; Sauer-Gürth, H. & Gwinner, E. ( 2002 ): Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting.
* ( 2007 ): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's ( Ethiopia ) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation.
Evolutionary algorithms operate on a population of genotypes ( in some algorithms these may be divided into species with differing genomes ), in neuroevolution a genotype is some representation of a neural network ( a phenotype ).
Evolutionary biologists often define species as populations that do not interbreed with each other ( the Biological Species Concept ), and thus the benthics and limnetics within each lake would constitute separate species.
* ( 2007 ): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's ( Ethiopia ) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation.
The concept of a paraspecies is therefore a logical consequence of the Evolutionary Species Concept, by which one species give rise to a daughter species.
* ( 2007 ): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's ( Ethiopia ) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation.
Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology which studies the origin and ascent of higher-order speciation, as well as species changes to a related timeline.
Evolutionary theory, however, tell us only that altruism is good for the survival of our species, not that the survival of the human species is good.
In the Evolutionary Biology laboratory researchers are extracting DNA from living birds or specimens to uncover the relationships among species.
Evolutionary and .
Evolutionary stress such as exposure to antibiotics then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait.
Evolutionary aesthetics refers to evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.
Evolutionary explanations for aesthetical preferences are important parts of evolutionary musicology, Darwinian literary studies, and the study of the evolution of emotion.
BMC Evolutionary Biology, Band 10, 2010, S. 219.
* Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008 ; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3
Evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa has argued that an important cause of intergroup conflict may be the relative availability of women of reproductive age.
* 1980 How I became a Darwinian, Pages 413 – 423 in The Evolutionary Synthesis ( E Mayr and W Provine, Eds ) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The Evolutionary Synthesis.
* 1981 Evolutionary biology.
*" 80 Years of Watching the Evolutionary Scenery " – by Ernst Mayr, Science.
Evolutionary psychology makes a novel approach to the problem.
Evolutionary ethics concerns approaches to ethics ( morality ) based on the role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior.
Evolutionary linguistics is a cover term for the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.
Evolutionary linguistics as a field is rapidly emerging as a result of developments in neighboring disciplines.
# 1998 London: Chris Knight, James R. Hurford and Michael Studdert-Kennedy ( eds ), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form, Cambridge University Press,
* Steels, Luc ( 2001 ) Grounding Symbols through Evolutionary Language Games.
Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modern ecological theory.
Evolutionary theory changed the way that researchers approached the ecological sciences.
Evolutionary psychology ( EP ) is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.
Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that EP is not simply a subdiscipline of psychology but that evolutionary theory can provide a foundational, metatheoretical framework that integrates the entire field of psychology, in the same way it has for biology.
Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations including the abilities to infer others ' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others.
Evolutionary psychology is an approach that views human nature as the product of a universal set of evolved psychological adaptations to recurring problems in the ancestral environment.
Evolutionary and from
Evolutionary biologists have demonstrated how such systems could have evolved, and describe Behe's claim as an argument from incredulity.
* In Evolutionary Algorithm, λ indicates the number of offspring which would be generated from μ current population in each generation.
Evolutionary psychology studies the animal nervous system from an evolutionary perspective, including aspects such as vision and navigation that are not necessarily related to social behavior.
Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that, for humans, neural mechanisms evolved in an ancestral environment that differed from the current environment whereas animal sociobiologists look at animal adaptions to the current environment.
Ka-Zar, Shanna, and Zabu wandered until the High Evolutionary ( with help from the X-Men, M ' rin and Garokk ) restored the region and its creature allowing them to return to the Savage Land with their newborn son.
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy.
Wolpoff, and D. W. Frayer: Evolutionary Significance of the Quarry Cave Specimens from Mladeč.
Evolutionary changes from replication slippage also occur in simpler organisms.
In addition, Svante Pääbo's group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology is currently sequencing the genome of a female bonobo from the Leipzig zoo.
Evolutionary relationships among genera of Phalangeridae ( Metatheria: Diprotodontia ) inferred from mitochondrial data.
Evolutionary developmental biology studies how the dynamics of development determine the phenotypic variation arising from genetic variation and how that affects phenotypic evolution ( especially its direction ).
Evolutionary developmental biology is not yet a unified discipline, but can be distinguished from earlier approaches to evolutionary theory by its focus on a few crucial ideas.
Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors.
Evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ) springs from clear proof that development is closely controlled by special genetic systems, and the hope that comparison of these systems will tell us much about the evolutionary history of different groups.
Mark van Vugt and Anjana Ahuja in Naturally Selected: The Evolutionary Science of Leadership present evidence of leadership in nonhuman animals, from ants and bees to baboons and chimpanzees.
Evolutionary ancestry means that structures evolved from some structure in a common ancestor ; for example, the wings of bats and the arms of primates are homologous in this sense.
Evolutionary medicine identifies many symptoms such as fever, pain, and sickness behavior as evolved responses to protect or enhance the recovery from infection and injury.
Evolutionary economics deals with the study of processes that transform economy for firms, institutions, industries, employment, production, trade and growth within, through the actions of diverse agents from experience and interactions, using evolutionary methodology.
Kenneth Boulding was one of the advocates of the evolutionary methods in social science, as is evident from Kenneth Boulding's Evolutionary Perspective.
Evolutionary perspectives, such as from evolutionary psychology, have been argued to help explain many features of international relations.
* An Evolutionary Scandal, from Harvard Magazine
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