However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barberossa in supporting Victor IV.

The technique is named after actor Frederick Matthias Alexander, who developed its principles in the 1890s as a personal tool to alleviate breathing problems and hoarseness during public speaking.

There are also many tiny ( under 100 people ) towns and villages, such as Baranof Warm Springs, Edna Bay, Elfin Cove, Excursion Inlet, Hyder, Meyers Chuck, Pelican, Port Alexander, Port Frederick, Port Protection, and Tenakee Springs.

* 1757 – Seven Years ' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.

The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.

Frederick supported a succession of antipopes before finally making peace with Alexander in 1177.

Some composers who have been labeled impressionists are Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, André Caplet, Frederick Delius, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Erik Satie, Albert Roussel, Alexander Scriabin, Lili Boulanger, Federico Mompou, Charles Tomlinson Griffes and Karol Szymanowski.

Her stepfather's brother Frederick became Pope Stephen IX, while both of the following two popes, Nicholas II and Alexander II had been Tuscan bishops.

However, the dispute between Alexander III, Antipope Victor IV and his successors Antipope Paschal III and Antipope Calixtus III ( who had the German imperial support ) continued until Frederick Barbarossa's defeat at the Legnano in 1176, after which Barbarossa finally ( in the Peace of Venice of 1177 ) recognized Alexander III as pope.

Frederick Barbarossa submits to the authority of Pope Alexander III ( fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, by Spinello Aretino ).

He also brought an offer of reconciliation in 1163 to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, whom Pope Alexander III had excommunicated in 1160.

Italy commanded Urban IV's near full attention: the long confrontation with the late Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II had not been pressed during the mild pontificate of Alexander IV, during which it devolved into inter-urban struggles between nominally pro-Imperial Ghibellines and even more nominally pro-papal Guelf factions.

Baden-Powell wrote the principles of Scouting in Scouting for Boys ( London, 1908 ), based on his earlier military books, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham ( Chief of Scouts in British Africa ), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys ' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson.

By agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end.

When Pope Hadrian IV died in 1159, the divided cardinals elected two popes: Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who, though nominated by fewer cardinals, was supported by Frederick and assumed the name of Pope Victor IV.

Eventually, at the Peace of Venice, when Alexander gained victory, he promised Frederick that he would summon an ecumenical council.

* 1176: On May 29, Frederick Barbarossa's forces were defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League which resulted in the emperor's acknowledgement of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church.

Both sought Frederick ’ s support, Frederick, busy with the siege of Crema, appeared unsupportive of Alexander III, and after the sacking of Crema demanded that Alexander appear before the emperor at Pavia and to accept the imperial decree.

Alexander refused, and Frederick recognised Victor IV as the legitimate Pope in 1160.

In response, Alexander III excommunicated both Frederick I and Victor IV.

Louis came near the meeting site but, when he became aware that Frederick had stacked the votes for Alexander, Louis decided not to attend the council.

* 1979 – Lord Frederick Windsor, British financial analyst

* 1943 – Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia ( d. 2011 )

* 1918 – Frederick Sanger, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

* 1789 – In New York City, the United States House of Representatives holds its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first House Speaker.

* 1872 – Frederick Maurice, English theologian ( b. 1805 )

* 1872 – William Frederick Horry, English convicted murderer ( b. 1843 )

* 1770 – Frederick William III of Prussia ( d. 1840 )

* 1688 – Frederick William I of Prussia ( d. 1740 )

* 1760 – Seven Years ' War: Battle of Liegnitz – Frederick the Great's victory over the Austrians under Ernst Gideon von Laudon.

* 1596 – Frederick V, Elector Palatine, Bohemian king ( d. 1632 )

* 1883 – Pauline Frederick, American actress ( d. 1938 )

* 1557 – Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg ( d. 1608 )

* Frederick Albert ( 1529 – 1530 )

* Albert Frederick ( 1553 – 1618 )

* 1758 – Seven Years ' War: Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Russian army at the Battle of Zorndorf.

* 1916 – Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 2003 )

* 1938 – Frederick Forsyth, English author

* 1756 – Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years ' War.

* 1805 – Frederick Denison Maurice, English theologian ( d. 1872 )

* 1890 – Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson, English pilot ( d. 1918 )

* 1718 – Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-English military officer ( d. 1791 )

* 1944 – Frederick W. Smith, American businessman, founded FedEx

* 1329 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine ( b. 1282 )

She was a daughter of Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg ( 1768 – 1816 ) and his wife Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg.