* 1261 – Michael VIII Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.

* 1258 – Regent George Mouzalon and his brothers are killed during a coup headed by the aristocratic faction under, paving the way for its leader, Michael VIII Palaiologos, to ultimately usurp the throne of the Empire of Nicaea.

* Eirene Angelina, who married ( 1 ) Andronikos Kontostephanos, and ( 2 ) Alexios Palaiologos, by whom she was the grandmother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

He was the last Byzantine Emperor to reign in Constantinople before the establishment of the Latin Empire, which controlled the city for the next 57 years, until it was recovered by the Nicaean Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

He was the eldest surviving son of Michael VIII Palaiologos and Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina, grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes.

He was acclaimed co-emperor in 1261, after his father Michael VIII recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire, but he was crowned only in 1272.

Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.

In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.

Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII, the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources, and struggled to survive.

When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35, 000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70, 000 people.

At the insistence of Charles, Martin IV excommunicated the Roman Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, who stood in the way of Charles's plans to restore the Latin Empire of the East that had been established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade.

The latter proposed a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologos ( Abaqa's father-in-law ).

The Latin Empire of Constantinople came to an end with the capture of the city by the Greeks ( led by their Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ) a fortnight before Urban IV's election.

He was proceeding to send legates to Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, in connection with the recent decisions of the Second Council of Lyons, when he died at Rome.

* 1261 — Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice.

* Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor -( December 11 )

* 1261 – July 25 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.

* 1282 – December 11 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus of the Byzantine Empire ( b. 1225 )

Michael VIII Palaeologus was greatly alarmed at the prospect: he wrote to King Louis, suggesting that he was open to a voluntary union of the Roman and Latin churches, and pointing out the interference a descent on Constantinople would pose to Louis ' own crusading plans.

* The Constantinople suburb of Beyoğlu ( then known as Pera ) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.

* August 15 – Michael VIII Palaeologus is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.

John travelled to Sicily to stir up the discontents in favour of Peter and thence to Constantinople to procure the support of Michael VIII Palaeologus.

His regent was originally the bureaucrat George Mouzalon, but that position was usurped by the aristocrat Michael Palaiologos, who later made himself co-emperor as Michael VIII on January 1, 1259.

Andronikos II and Michael IX Palaeologus ( Silver basilikon ).

* 1278 – Michael IX Palaeologus, co-ruling Eastern Roman Emperor ( d. 1320 )

The Greek commander Michael Palaeologus alienated some of his allies by his arrogance, and this stalled the campaign as rebel Count Robert of Loritello refused to speak to him.

Ghibelline revolts broke out across the north of Italy, and increasingly occupied the attention of Charles, even as Michael Palaeologus was negotiating a union of churches with the Pope.

Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (; 1223 – 11 December 1282 ) reigned as Byzantine Emperor 1259 – 1282.

In 1263 the Latins ceded Mystras as ransom for William II of Villehardouin, and Michael VIII Palaeologus made the city the seat of the new Despotate of Morea, ruled by his relatives, although the Venetians still controlled the coast and the islands.

* Geanakoplos, Deno J., Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West ( Harvard University Press, 1959 )

la: Michael VIII Palaeologus

The conflict led to the exile of one of the leaders of the aristocratic faction, the future Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, who was accused of conspiring with the Seljuks of Rum.

Building on the strong military infrastructure built up in the area over the last century, Theodore I and his successors slowly expanded their domains, and in 1259 Michael VIII Palaeologus usurped the throne.

By the late 13th century, with the Treaty of Nymphaeum of 1261, the offensive-defensive alliance between Michael VIII Palaeologus and Genoa that opened up the Black Sea to Genoese commerce, Varna had turned into a thriving commercial port city frequented by Genoese and later also by Venetian and Ragusan merchant ships.

Upon the recovery of The City from the Latin Empire by Michael VIII Palaeologus, Pachymeres settled in Constantinople, studied law, entered the church, and subsequently became chief advocate of the church and chief justice of the imperial court.

His literary activity was considerable, his most important work being a Byzantine history in thirteen books, in continuation of that of George Acropolites from 1261 ( or rather 1255 ) to 1308, containing the history of the reigns of Michael and Andronicus II Palaeologus.

In 1261 Constantinople was captured by Michael VIII Palaeologus, and Baldwin ’ s rule came to an end.

* Raictor, a Byzantine monk who claimed to be the emperor Michael VII.

* Michael Angold ( 1997 ), The Byzantine Empire, 1025 – 1204, Longman, 2nd ed., pp. 136 – 70.

* Michael Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025 – 1204: A Political History, second edition ( London and New York, 1997 )

After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

They quarrelled with Michael IX, and eventually turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger de Flor in 1305, devastating Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly on their road to Latin Greece.

* Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann, Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17 – 19 May 1978 ( Australian National University, Canberra, 1979 ).

Oryphas, the admiral of the Byzantine fleet, alerted the emperor Michael, who promptly put the invaders to flight ; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens.

The town was the birthplace of the Byzantine Greek writers Nicetas and Michael Choniates.

In Byzantine and Russian art, the theme of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae ( Τὸ ἐν Χωναῖς / Χῶναις Θαῦμα τοῦ Ἀρχαγγέλου Μιχαήλ ) is intimately linked with the site.

* 1041 – Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor ( b. 1010 )

Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Palaiologos succeeded in recapturing Constantinople in 1261.

* Michael Azkoul, " St. Gregory the Theologian: Poetry and Faith ," Patristic and Byzantine Review 14. 1 – 3 ( 1995 ): 59 – 68.

The first undisputed mention of Albanians in the historical record is attested in Byzantine source for the first time in 1079-1080, in a work titled History by Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates, who referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of Dyrrachium.

The second mission ( 860 ), requested by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius ( a professor of Cyril's at the University and his guiding light in earlier years ), was a missionary expedition to the Khazar Khaganate in order to prevent the expansion of Judaism there.

* 1078: the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII

* Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor

* Michael V, Byzantine Emperor

* Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor