# CBR-Constant bit rate: a Peak Cell Rate ( PCR ) is specified, which is constant.

# VBR-Variable bit rate: an average or Sustainable Cell Rate ( SCR ) is specified, which can peak at a certain level, a PCR, for a maximum interval before being problematic.

DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after amplification of DNA via PCR, but may be used as a preparative technique prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, RFLP, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or Southern blotting for further characterization.

PCR is, in fact, one of the classic examples of teamwork.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.

As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is itself used as a template for replication, setting in motion a chain reaction in which the DNA template is exponentially amplified.

PCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand ( the DNA target ).

Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~ 10 kilo base pairs ( kb ), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size. The reaction produces a limited amount of final amplified product that is governed by the available reagents in the reaction and the feedback-inhibition of the reaction products.

is: PCR

The analysis of VNTR alleles continues, but is now usually performed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) methods.

Diagnostic and serologic laboratory testing utilizing PCR testing and viral culture of CSF to identify the specific pathogen causing the symptoms, is the only currently available means of differentiating between causes of encephalitis and meningitis.

The " gold standard " for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using Real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process. A number of DNA samples from specimens of Littorina plena amplified using polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a variable simple sequence repeat ( SSR, a. k. a. microsatellite ) locus.

If positive clones can be obtained from this procedure, the DNA is sequenced and PCR primers are chosen from sequences flanking such regions to determine a specific locus.

Microsatellite loci are widely distributed throughout the genome and can be isolated from semi-degraded DNA of older specimens, as all that is needed is a suitable substrate for amplification through PCR.

The complementary sequences to two neighboring microsatellites are used as PCR primers ; sequence diversity is lower than in SSR-PCR, but still higher than in actual gene sequences.

The method of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses short tandem repeats ( STR ) a type of VNTR.

Like all cultures, diagnosis is time-consuming with this method ; swifter diagnosis is possible using PCR techniques.

The fragile X abnormality is now directly determined by analysis of the number of CGG repeats using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and methylation status using Southern blot analysis.

Peltier elements are a common component in thermal cyclers, used for the synthesis of DNA by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), a common molecular biological technique which requires the rapid heating and cooling of the reaction mixture for denaturation, primer annealing and enzymatic synthesis cycles.

Alternatively, diagnosis and strain identification can be made using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ), such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), transcription mediated amplification ( TMA ), and the DNA strand displacement amplification ( SDA ) now are the mainstays.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), a common laboratory technique, employs such artificial synthesis in a cyclic manner to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA.

In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

This may be done by using doped nucleotides in oligonucleotides synthesis, or conducting a PCR reaction in conditions that enhance misincorporation of nucleotide, thereby generating mutants.

A strip of eight PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μl reaction mixture

Placing a strip of eight PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μl reaction mixture, into the PCR machine

Many of the laboratory techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology that involve DNA polymerase, such as DNA sequencing and the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), require DNA primers.

An anti-F1 serology test can differentiate between different species of Yersinia, and Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) can be used to identify Y. pestis.

* Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapid PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ) technology that lies at the heart of today ’ s most advanced DNA detection instruments.

Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process, using the unique sequences of flanking regions as primers.

Once the potentially useful microsatellites are determined ( removing non-useful ones such as those with random inserts within the repeat region ), the flanking sequences can be used to design oligonucleotide primers which will amplify the specific microsatellite repeat in a PCR reaction.

With the invention of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, DNA profiling took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and the ability to recover information from very small ( or degraded ) starting samples.

* 1983 — Kary Mullis invented " PCR " ( polymerase chain reaction ), an automated method for rapidly copying sequences of DNA.

If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva or blood may be carried out ; a newer diagnostic confirmation, using real-time nested polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technology, has also been developed.

Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.

Note that in these double-stranded plasmid mutagenesis methods, while the thermocycling reaction may be used, the DNA need not be exponentially amplified as in a PCR, instead the amplification is linear, and it is therefore inaccurate to describe them as a PCR reaction since there is no chain reaction.

#* The Polymerase Chain Reaction (( PCR ) method of in vitro DNA synthesis uses a DNA template, polymerase, buffers, primers, and nucleotides to multiply the HIV in the blood sample.

Enzymes of this class ( not TERT specifically, but the ones isolated from viruses ) are utilized by scientists in the molecular biological process of reverse transcriptase PCR ( RT-PCR ), which allows the creation of several DNA copies of a target sequence using RNA as a template.

As PGD is performed on single cells, PCR has to be adapted and pushed to its physical limits, and use the minimum amount of template possible: one strand.

The high number of needed PCR cycles and the limited amount of template makes single-cell PCR very sensitive to contamination.

In PCR experiments, the GC-content of primers are used to predict their annealing temperature to the template DNA.

The method amplifies DNA inside water droplets in an oil solution ( emulsion PCR ), with each droplet containing a single DNA template attached to a single primer-coated bead that then forms a clonal colony.

The scientist performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers ( 8 – 12 nucleotides ), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify.

Therefore, if a mutation has occurred in the template DNA at the site that was previously complementary to the primer, a PCR product will not be produced, resulting in a different pattern of amplified DNA segments on the gel.

* Mismatches between the primer and the template may result in the total absence of PCR product as well as in a merely decreased amount of the product.