At about the same time the development of effective polymerase chain reaction techniques allowed the application of cladistic methods to biochemical and molecular genetic traits of organisms as well as to anatomical ones, vastly expanding the amount of data available for phylogenetics.

Alternatively, diagnosis and strain identification can be made using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Nucleic acid amplification tests ( NAAT ), such as polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), transcription mediated amplification ( TMA ), and the DNA strand displacement amplification ( SDA ) now are the mainstays.

* Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used in molecular biology to amplify ( make many copies of ) a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic replication using a DNA polymerase.

However, with the use of modern culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction testing, HIV can be demonstrated in virtually all patients with AIDS.

This may occur during polymerase chain reaction.

The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), a common laboratory technique, employs such artificial synthesis in a cyclic manner to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA.

DNA polymerase then synthesizes a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds.

In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.

In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

Mullis worked as a DNA chemist at Cetus for seven years ; it was there, in 1983, that Mullis invented his prize-winning improvements to the polymerase chain reaction.

( e. g., polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing ), and proteomics.

After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase.

One particular polymerase, from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus ( Taq ) ( PDB 1BGX, EC 2. 7. 7. 7 ) is of vital commercial importance due to its use in the polymerase chain reaction, a widely used technique of molecular biology.

Many of the laboratory techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology that involve DNA polymerase, such as DNA sequencing and the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ), require DNA primers.

Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply the polymerase chain reaction technique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ).

The analysis of VNTR alleles continues, but is now usually performed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) methods.

Around the same time the development of effective polymerase chain reaction techniques made it possible to apply cladistic methods of analysis to biochemical features as well.

Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases ( DNA building blocks ), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide ( most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide ).

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix-ase is added to the name of its substrate ( e. g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or the type of reaction ( e. g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ).

Current techniques for site-specific mutation commonly involve using mutagenic oligonucleotides in a primer extension reaction with DNA polymerase.

This reaction is catalyzed by polyadenylate polymerase.

The suggestion that Mullis was solely responsible for the idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process has been contested by his co-workers at the time, who were embittered by his abrupt departure from Cetus.

Almost all PCR applications employ a heat-stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq polymerase, an enzyme originally isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

* Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapid PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ) technology that lies at the heart of today ’ s most advanced DNA detection instruments.

The " gold standard " for determining toxin type is a mouse bioassay, but the genes for types A, B, E, and F can now be readily differentiated using Real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process, using the unique sequences of flanking regions as primers.

With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process. A number of DNA samples from specimens of Littorina plena amplified using polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a variable simple sequence repeat ( SSR, a. k. a. microsatellite ) locus.

With the invention of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technique, DNA profiling took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and the ability to recover information from very small ( or degraded ) starting samples.

PCR greatly amplifies the amounts of a specific region of DNA, using oligonucleotide primers and a thermostable DNA polymerase.

The fragile X abnormality is now directly determined by analysis of the number of CGG repeats using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) and methylation status using Southern blot analysis.

* 1983 — Kary Mullis invented " PCR " ( polymerase chain reaction ), an automated method for rapidly copying sequences of DNA.

If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva or blood may be carried out ; a newer diagnostic confirmation, using real-time nested polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) technology, has also been developed.

There are a number of diagnostic tests for including: HCV antibody enzyme immunoassay or ELISA, recombinant immunoblot assay, and quantitative HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Detection of T. gondii in human blood samples may also be achieved by using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).

Infection can be suspected or proven ( by culture, stain, or polymerase chain reaction ( PCR )), or a clinical syndrome pathognomonic for infection.

Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) assays or real-time PCR assays, which give results within a few hours.

A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

This is normally created from the viral DNA with the assistance of the host's own DNA polymerase.

If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated, the polymerase is inhibited from further extension.

All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses, phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase.

The 5 ′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3 ′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase for new strand synthesis.

Q is similar to N in its effect: Q binds to RNA polymerase in Qut sites and the resulting complex can ignore terminators, however the mechanism is very different ; the Q protein first associates with a DNA sequence rather than an mRNA sequence.

# The Qut site is very close to the P < sub > R ’</ sub > promoter, close enough that the σ factor has not been released from the RNA polymerase holoenzyme.

One notable difference, however, is that prokaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription.

Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5 ' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase.

During genome replication the circularization acts to enhance genome replication speeds, cycling viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase much the same as the ribosome is hypothesized to cycle.

RNA polymerase I transcribes most rRNA transcripts ( 28S, 18S, and 5. 8S ) but the 5S rRNA subunit ( component of the 60S ribosomal subunit ) is transcribed by RNA polymerase III.

Primers ( short DNA fragments ) containing sequences complementary to the target region along with a DNA polymerase ( after which the method is named ) are key components to enable selective and repeated amplification.

At a lower temperature, each strand is then used as the template in DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase to selectively amplify the target DNA.

A polymerase ( EC 2. 7. 7. 6 / 7 / 19 / 48 / 49 ) is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.