However, if the ka was not properly prepared, this journey could be fraught with dangerous pitfalls and strange demons ; hence some of the earliest religious texts discovered, such as the Papyrus of Ani ( commonly known as The Book of the Dead ) and the Pyramid Texts were actually written as guides to help the deceased successfully navigate the duat.

In the Papyrus of Ani copy of the Egyptian Book of the Dead the scribe proclaims " I am thy writing palette, O Thoth, and I have brought unto thee thine ink-jar.

A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs

One aspect of ancient Egyptian funerary literature which often is mistaken for a codified ethic of Maat is Spell ( Chapter ) 125 of the Book of the Dead or Papyrus of Ani ( known to the ancient Egyptians as The Book of Going Forth by Day ).

The doctrine of Maat is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Maat and the 42 Negative Confessions listed in the Papyrus of Ani.

" The Assessors of Maat " are the 42 deities listed in the Papyrus of Nebseni, to whom the deceased make the Negative Confession in the Papyrus of Ani.

The Egyptian Book of the Dead: ( The Papyrus of Ani ) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation.

Hathor as a cow, wearing her necklace and showing her sacred eye – Papyrus of Ani.

Very early examples are Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC.

The mystical Spell 17, from the Papyrus of Ani.

A close-up of the Papyrus of Ani, showing the cursive hieroglyphs of the text

For instance, in the Papyrus of Ani, the name " Ani " appears at the top or bottom of a column, or immediately following a rubric introducing him as the speaker of a block of text ; the name appears in a different handwriting to the rest of the manuscript, and in some places is mis-spelt or omitted entirely.

Wallis, The Egyptian Book of the Dead, ( The Papyrus of Ani ), Egyptian Text, Transliteration, and Translation.

The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani.

Hathor as a cow, wearing her necklace and showing her sacred eye – Papyrus of Ani.

* Budge, E. A. W., The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani ( London: British Museum / Longmans & Co., 1895 / reprinted N. Y .: Dover, 1967 ).

Hathor showing her sacred eye inherited from Wedjat — depicted in the Papyrus of Ani

Illustration from Papyrus of Ani at the British Museum.

The Papyrus of Ani is a papyrus manuscript written in cursive hieroglyphs and illustrated with color miniatures created in the 19th dynasty of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt ( c. 1250 B. C.

The " Book of the Dead " for scribe Ani from Thebes is the manuscript called the Papyrus of Ani.

* Maat: 42 Negative Confessions ( Papyrus of Ani )

Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is sometimes credited with being the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and with being the original author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations.

The most ancient mathematical texts available are Plimpton 322 ( Babylonian mathematics c. 1900 BC ), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 2000-1800 BC ) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 1890 BC ).

These documents provide important information on ancient writings ; they give us the only extant copy of Menander, the Egyptian Book of the Dead, Egyptian treatises on medicine ( the Ebers Papyrus ) and on surgery ( the Edwin Smith papyrus ), Egyptian mathematical treatises ( the Rhind papyrus ), and Egyptian folk tales ( the Westcar papyrus ).

* Berlin Papyri — housed in the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection.

* Ancient Egyptian Papyrus – Aldokkan

An additional Egyptian source, Papyrus Harris I, records how the defeated foe were brought in captivity to Egypt and settled in fortresses.

The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun ( 1900 BCE ) and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine.

* Tale of Two Brothers from the Egyptian Papyrus D ’ Orbiney by the scribe Ennana.

Imhotep is also believed to have founded Egyptian medicine, being the author of the world's earliest known medical document, the Edwin Smith Papyrus.

The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus ( 16th century BCE ), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual.

* 1500 BC-Edwin Smith Papyrus an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise ( no true surgery )

* Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection

One ancient Egyptian myth preserved in the Papyrus Westcar recounts the story of Isis, Nephthys, Meskhenet, and Heqet as traveling dancers in disguise, assisting the wife of a priest of Amun-Re as she prepares to bring forth sons who are destined for fame and fortune.

To be certain, the House of Nephthys was one of fifty individual, land-owning temples delineated for this portion of the Middle Egyptian district in Papyrus Wilbour.

* Yale Papyrus Collection Database at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University

" He also says that the " Tulli Papyrus ", cited by von Däniken in one of his books, is likely cribbed from the Book of Ezekiel, and quoted Dr. Nolli ( through Dr. Walter Ramberg, Scientific Attache at the U. S. embassy in Rome ), then current Director of the Egyptian Section of the Vatican Museum, as " suspect that Tulli was taken in and that the papyrus is a fake.

Qenna's tomb contained the Papyrus of Qenna, a part of the Book of the Dead.

Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine

" While Enmarch himself rejects synchronizing the texts of the Ipuwer Papyrus and The Book of Exodus on grounds of historicity, in The reception of a Middle Egyptian poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer .. he acknowledges that there are some textual parallels " particularly the striking statement that ‘ the river is blood and one drinks from it ’ ( Ipuwer 2. 10 ), and the frequent references to servants abandoning their subordinate status ( e. g. Ipuwer 3. 14 – 4. 1 ; 6. 7 – 8 ; 10. 2 – 3 ).

* The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day, The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete " Papyrus of Ani ", Introduction and commentary by Dr. Ogden Goelet, Translation by Dr. Raymond O. Faulkner, Preface by Carol Andrews, Featuring Integrated Text and Full Color Images, ( Chronicle Books, San Francisco ) c1994, Rev.

* The Egyptian Book of the Dead: ( The Papyrus of Ani ), ( Dover Ed., New York ), c1895, Dover ed., 1967.

* Book of the Dead, also known as The Papyrus of Ani.