`` If Philip Toynbee is claiming that the choice lies between capitulation and the risk of nuclear war, I think he is right.

Her two children by Philip II, Philip, count of Clermont ( died 1234 ), and Mary, who married Philip I of Namur, were legitimized by the pope in 1201 at the request of the king.

His third wife was the Greek Ptolemaic Princess Theoxena, who was the second daughter of Berenice I from her first husband Philip and was a stepdaughter of Ptolemy I Soter.

Others who were either killed or captured at the actual Battle were as follows: King Jean II ; Prince Philip ( youngest son and progenitor of the House of Valois-Burgundy ), Geoffroi de Charny, carrier of the Oriflamme, Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, Walter VI, Count of Brienne and Constable of France, Jean de Clermont, Marshal of France, Arnoul d ' Audrehem, the Count of Eu, the Count of Marche and Ponthieu Jacques de Bourbon taken prisoner at the Battle and died 1361, the Count of Étampes, the Count of Tancarville, the Count of Dammartin, the Count of Joinville, Guillaume de Melun, Archbishop of Sens.

He thus broke allegiance with Philip and assembled a broad coalition including Emperor Otto IV, King John I of England, Duke Henry I of Brabant, Count William I of Holland, Duke Theobald I of Lorraine, and Duke Henry III of Limburg.

If that business is a subsidiary which has considerably more independence then the title might be known as Chairman and CEO ( for example, Philip I. Kent of Turner Broadcasting System in Time Warner ).

** Philip I ( 1060 – 1108 )

** Philip I ( 1349 – 1361 )

** Philip I ( 1427 – 1430 )

* Philip I ( 1060 – 1108 )

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

* 1506-Alleging a false donation by the king Philip I of Castile, the Duke of Medina Sidonia attempted to recover Gibraltar by besieging the town.

* 1721 1 June – George I sent a letter to Philip V promising " to make use of the first favourable Opportunity to regulate this Article ( the Demand touching the Restitution of Gibraltar ), with the Consent of my Parliament ".

Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto.

# Christine ( b. Dresden, 25 December 1505 – d. Kassel, 15 April 1549 ), married on 11 December 1523 to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

Juana, Isabella's second daughter, married into the Habsburg dynasty when she wed Philip the Handsome, the son of Maximilian I, King of Bohemia ( Austria ) and entitled to the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Henry's successor, Richard I " the Lion Heart " ( also known as " The absent king "), was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the Third Crusade and defending his French territories against Philip II of France.

** Philip I, 1060 – 1108

King Philip I, named by his Kievan mother with a typically Eastern European name, was no more fortunate than his predecessor although the kingdom did enjoy a modest recovery during his extraordinarily long reign ( 1060 – 1108 ).

In 1525, he combined with his Lutheran son-in-law, Landgrave Philip of Hesse, and his cousin, the Elector Frederick the Wise, to suppress the revolt of the peasants, who were defeated near Frankenhausen in Thuringia.

For example, during the Protestant Reformation, in a document referred to simply as " Der Beichtrat " ( or " The Confessional Advice " ), Martin Luther granted the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, who, for many years, had been living " constantly in a state of adultery and fornication ," a dispensation to take a second wife.

It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, who was one of the leaders of German Protestantism.

Charles V, enthroned over his defeated enemies ( from left ): Suleiman the Magnificient | Suleiman, Pope Clement VII, Francis I of France | Francis I, the William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg | Duke of Cleves, the John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony | Duke of Saxony and the Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse | Landgrave of Hesse.

* Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse — whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine — also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer.

* Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse ( 1504 – 1567 )

He made war on Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, and compelled Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, to pay him 35, 000 gulden.

The Archbishop Richard of Trier, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, and Louis V, Elector Palatine decided to move against him, and having obtained help from the Swabian League, marched on Burg Nanstein.

Portrait of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

The League was officially established on 27 February 1531, by Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, the two most powerful Protestant rulers at the time.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | Charles V, enthroned over his defeated enemies ( from left ): Suleiman the Magnificent, Pope Clement VII, Francis I of France | Francis I, the William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg | Duke of Cleves, the John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony | Duke of Saxony and the Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse | Landgrave of Hesse.

The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel () was a state in the Holy Roman Empire under Imperial immediacy that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1567 upon the death of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, died in 1567.

Philip was the son of Landgrave William II of Hesse and his second wife Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Allegory showing Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | Charles V ( center ) enthroned over his defeated enemies ( from left to right ): Suleiman the Magnificent, Pope Clement VII, Francis I of France | Francis I, the William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg | Duke of Cleves, the John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony | Duke of Saxony and Philip I of the Landgrave of Hesse.

# REDIRECT Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony during the Protestant Reformation at which the Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse.

Finally, the Protestant army was destroyed ( over 7, 000 dead or wounded and 1, 000 prisoners ) and various Protestant leaders ( including Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse ) were captured by the Hungarian cavalry.

# REDIRECT Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

The Philipp University of Marburg (), was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse ( usually called the Magnanimous, although the updated meaning ' haughty ' is sometimes given ) as the world's oldest university dating back to a Protestant foundation.

Furthermore, during George's lifetime his nearest relations his son-in-law Philip of Hesse, and his brother Heinrich, joined the Reformers.

He drove the League's troops out of southern Germany and at the Battle of Mühlberg defeated John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and imprisoned Philip of Hesse in 1547.

Aided by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and other Protestant princes, he fought a victorious battle against Ferdinand's troops at Lauffen in May 1534, and then by the treaty of Cadan he again became duke, but perforce duke of the duchy as an Austrian fief.

The last meeting between Zwingli and Luther was at the Marburg Colloquy of October 1529, organised by Philip of Hesse and attended by various leading reformers, including Bucer.

The Electorate of Saxony sent Melanchthon, and Philip of Hesse sent Bucer.

The results were published in the " Worms Book ", which they confidentially presented to a prince on each side of the religious divide: Philip of Hesse and Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg.

For example, mitochondrial DNA was used to match maternal relations, and mitochondrial DNA from the female bones matched that of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra.

On 24 April 1547, the imperial forces gathered by Charles and Pope Paul III routed the League's forces at the Battle of Mühlberg, capturing many leaders, including, most notably, Johann Frederick the Magnanimous and Philip of Hesse, and forcing residents of thirty different cities to reconvert.