* Pirenne, H. Histoire de Belgique & printsec = frontcover & dq = intitle: Histoire + intitle: de + intitle: Belgique + inauthor: Pirenne & lr =& num = 30 & as_brr = 0 & source = gbs_book_other_versions_r & cad = 1_2 vol2 ( 1903 ) online ; full text of vol 3 ( 1907 ) online ; vol 5 ( 1920 ) online

Belgian historian Henri Pirenne and Dutch historian Johan Huizinga popularized the following subdivisions in the early 20th century: the Early Middle Ages from 476 to 1000, the High Middle Ages from 1000 to 1300, and the Late Middle Ages from 1300 to 1453.

The thesis put forward by Henri Pirenne, while disputed widely, supposes that the Arab conquests forced the medieval economy into even greater ruralization and gave rise to the classic feudal pattern of varying degrees of servile peasantry underpinning a hierarchy of localized power centers.

* Pirenne, Henri.

* Pirenne, Henri.

* Loseby, S. T., " Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and ' un grand port '" from Hodges, R. and Bowden, W., The sixth century: production, distribution and demand pp. 203 – 229, ( Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1998 )

Henri Pirenne gained his doctorate in 1883 with a thesis on medieval Dinant.

Henri Pirenne ( 23 December 1862-25 October 1935 ) was a Belgian historian.

Henri Pirenne's reputation today rests on three contributions to European history: for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Ages in reactive state formation and shifts in trade ; for a distinctive view of Belgium's medieval history ; and for his model of the development of the medieval city.

Pirenne argued that profound social, economic, cultural, and religious movements in the long-term resulted from equally profound underlying causes, and this attitude influenced Marc Bloch and the outlook of the French Annales School of social history.

Though Pirenne had his opponents, notably Alfons Dopsch who disagreed on essential points, recent historians of the Middle Ages usually take Pirenne's main theses, however much they are modified, as starting points.

Pirenne was born in Verviers.

Pirenne was a close friend of German historian Karl Lamprecht ( 1856 – 1915 ), until they broke during the war when Lamprecht headed a mission to invite Belgians to collaborate with Germany's long-term goals.

Pirenne was a leader of Belgian passive resistance in the war ; the Germans imprisoned him in Germany ( 1916 – 18 ) as a civilian prisoner of war.

Henri Pirenne first expressed ideas on the formation of European towns in articles of 1895 ; he further developed the idea for the Pirenne Thesis while imprisoned in Germany during World War I.

In brief, the Pirenne Thesis, an early essay in economic history diverging from the narrative history of the 19th century, notes that in the ninth century long-distance trading was at a low ebb ; the only settlements that were not purely agricultural were the ecclesiastical, military and administrative centres that served the feudal ruling classes as fortresses, episcopal seats, abbeys and occasional royal residences of the peripatetic palatium.

A time came when the developing merchant class was strong enough to throw off feudal obligations or to buy out the prerogatives of the old order, which Pirenne contrasted with the new element in numerous ways.

Pirenne postponed the demise of classical civilization to the 8th century.

According to Pirenne the real break in Roman history occurred in the 8th century as a result of Arab expansion.

Pirenne used statistical data regarding money in support of his thesis.

Henri Pirenne donated the majority of his personal library to the Academia Belgica in Rome.

Pirenne, inspired by patriotic nationalism, presupposed a Belgian unity-social, political, and ethnic-which predated its 1830 independence by centuries.

de: Henri Pirenne

One of the most important transformations in Late Antiquity was the formation and evolution of the Abrahamic religions: Christianity, rabbinic Judaism, and eventually Islam ; subscribers to the Pirenne Thesis believe that the subsequent Arab invasions marked the end of Late Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

On Almaqah being the sun god scholar Jacques Ryckmans states ; " Almaqah was until recently considered a moon god, but Garbini and Pirenne have shown that the bull's head and the vine motif associated with him are solar and dionysiac attributes.

Pirenne responded: " I have forgotten German since 3 August 1914 ," the date of the German invasion of Belgium, part of Germany's war plan to defeat France.

For United States expenditures under subsections ( A ), ( B ), ( D ), ( E ), ( F ), ( H ) through ( R ) of Section 104 of the Act or under any of such subsections, the rupee equivalent of $200 million.

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Of interest is a recent announcement by Du Pont's Polychemicals Dept. of a new methyl methacrylate monomer designated as Monocite H 100, which was developed specifically for production of cast acrylic sheets for the sign and lighting industry.

Consider a shear field with a height of H and a cross-sectional area of A opposed by a manometer with a height of H ( referred to the same base as H ) and a cross-sectional area of A.

Af is the work necessary to fill the manometer column from the reference height to H.

The total volume of the system above the reference height is Af, and H can be eliminated to obtain an equation for the total potential energy of the system in terms of H.

The minimum total potential energy is found by taking the derivative with respect to H and equating to zero.

Here, H is the coatings removal force measured parallel to the surface of the substrate and T is the film thickness.

The measured force, H, in cutting removal of coatings from their substrates consequently can be seen to be the sum of that force required to cut the coating, Af, that due to the bluntness of the knife, Af, and that due to the friction between the bottom of the knife and the substrate, Af, or Af.

The gyro angular momentum is defined by H.

The next thing he knew he was reporting for duty as commanding officer of Troop H, 7th Cavalry, in the middle of corps maneuvers in Japan.

But his first few days with Troop H were full of surprises, beginning with First Sergeant Robert Early.

He set out to keep Troop H the best troop in the best regiment.

They found it at the junction between Troops H and G, and prepared to counterattack.

" Historian Donald described the speech as a " superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's ( William H. Seward ) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's ( Salmon P. Chase ) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery.

On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln's friends promised and manipulated and won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase.

" Running the ' Machine ' ": An 1864 political cartoon takes a swing at Lincoln's administration — featuring William Fessenden, Edwin Stanton, William H. Seward | William Seward, Gideon Welles, Lincoln and others.