The king of Attalid Pergamene employed their services in the increasingly devastating wars of Asia Minor ; another band deserted from their Egyptian overlord Ptolemy IV after a solar eclipse had broken their spirits.

A shrine, the Homereion, was devoted to him in Alexandria by Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC.

* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.

Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes ( reigned 204 – 181 BC ), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and his wife and sister Arsinoe, had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents, murdered, according to contemporary sources, in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea.

Meanwhile, in the south of Egypt, there was a long-standing revolt that had begun during the reign of Ptolemy IV, led by Horwennefer and by his successor Ankhwennefer.

When he returned to the west in 205 BC, Antiochus found that with the death of Ptolemy IV, the situation now looked propitious for another western campaign.

** Ptolemy IV Philopater ( 222 BC – 204 BC ) and his wife Arsinoe III

* Negotiations between the new Egyptian King Ptolemy IV and the Seleucid King Antiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences.

** December – Battle in Alexandria, Egypt between the forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and Queen Arsinoe IV.

** Ptolemy IV Philopator, Greek king of Egypt who has reigned from 221 BC and under whose weak and incompetent rule, heavily influenced by his favourites, much of Ptolemaic Syria has been lost and native uprisings have begun to disturb the internal stability of the country ( b. c. 238 BC )

** Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt, sister and wife of the King Ptolemy IV ( assassinated ) ( b. c. 246 BC )

* The Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy, in Almagest IV 2, discusses the duration and ratios of several periods related to the Moon, as known to " ancient astronomers " and " the Chaldeans " and improved by Hipparchus.

* Berenice IV becomes queen of Egypt after temporarily dethroning her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes.

* Princess Arsinoe IV of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and probably Cleopatra V of Egypt ( or 68 BC ) ( d. 41 BC )

* Princess Arsinoe IV of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy XII of Egypt and probably Cleopatra V of Egypt ( or 67 BC ) ( d. 41 BC )

* Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV.

Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his Chief Minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.

* At Sosibius ' direction, Ptolemy IV puts to death in succession his uncle, Lysimachus, his brother Magas, and his mother Berenice II.

* King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who is in exile in Egypt, is imprisoned by Ptolemy IV on a charge of conspiracy.

* Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt, sister and wife of the King Ptolemy IV ( assassinated ) ( b. c. 246 BC )

* Spring – Pharaoh Ptolemy XII dies and is succeeded by his eldest surviving daughter Cleopatra VII and her younger brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIII.

* In the Battle of Antioch, Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats the Seleucid usurper Alexander Balas, but dies in the battle.

* Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.

* Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III.

No attempt is made by Ptolemy to weld into a single scheme ( a-la-Aristotle ), these independent predicting-machines.

But that one should superimpose all these charts, run a pin through the common point, and then scale each planetary deferent larger and smaller ( to keep the epicycles from ' bumping ' ), this is contrary to any intention Ptolemy ever expresses.

This is more ambitious than Ptolemy is ever required to be when he faces his isolated problems.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Like the earlier catalogs of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg's catalogue is estimated to have been precise to within approximately 20 minutes of arc.

Tacitus stated that they traded with Rhaetia, which in Ptolemy is located across the Danube from Germania Superior.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

He was also an accomplished astronomer ; he lectured on Ptolemy and is known to have written a treatise on the astrolabe.

Argo Navis is the only one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy that is no longer officially recognised as a constellation.

Earlier, the classical geographer, Ptolemy notes " Apphana " as an island off the mouth of the Tigris ( which is, where the modern Island of Abadan is located ).

A second possible solution is that these Angles of Ptolemy are not those of Schleswig at all.

In English, the p of the Greek-pt-consonant cluster is typically silent at the beginning of a word ( e. g. pterodactyl, Ptolemy ), but articulated when used in combining forms preceded by a vowel, as in helicopter or the orders of insects: diptera, lepidoptera, etc.

The current list of 88 constellations recognised by the International Astronomical Union since 1922 is based on the 48 listed by Ptolemy in his Almagest in the 2nd century.

The basis of western astronomy as taught during Late Antiquity and until the Early Modern period is the Almagest by Ptolemy, written in the 2nd century.

Capricornus is one of the 88 modern constellations, and was also one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy.

move seemingly had a strictly personal political motive – that is, fear and jealousy of his cousin Ptolemy – and thus the expansion was not set about in response to pressing military or economic needs.

Isca Dumnoniorum originated with a settlement that developed around the Roman fortress of the Legio II Augusta and is one of the four poleis ( cities ) attributed to the tribe by Ptolemy.

Proclus introduces Euclid only briefly in his fifth-century Commentary on the Elements, as the author of Elements, that he was mentioned by Archimedes, and that when King Ptolemy asked if there was a shorter path to learning geometry than Euclid's Elements, " Euclid replied there is no royal road to geometry.

Created by Ptolemy, it abuts Pegasus ; unlike the larger horse it is depicted as a horse's head alone.

This heliocentric theory contradicted the ideas of Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy ( second century A. D .), who stated that the Earth is the center of the universe.

There is a reference to a settlement called Kabura by the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire, which may be the basis for the future use of the name Kabura ( Κάβουρα ) by Ptolemy.

It dates to the reign of Ptolemy II ( 285 – 246 BC ), and is therefore likely to have been built at about the same time as the Alexandria Pharos.