Ptolemy's catalogue is informed by Eudoxus of Cnidus, a Greek astronomer of the 4th century BC who introduced earlier Babylonian astronomy to the Hellenistic culture.

Hipparchus of Nicaea, or more correctly Hipparchos (; c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC ), was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician of the Hellenistic period.

The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.

The only other astronomer of antiquity who is known by name and who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.

The discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is attributed to Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer active in the later Hellenistic period ( ca.

* He argues that the star catalog in the Almagest, ascribed to the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, was compiled in 15th to 16th centuries AD, with this objective in sight develops new methods of dating old stellar catalogues and proves that Almagest is based on the data collected between AD 600 and 1300, whereby the telluric obliquity is well taken into account.

150s BC ) was a Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher.

However, because the globe contains no actual stars, and because the circles on the globe are drawn inexactly and ambiguously by a sculptor copying the Hellenistic model rather than by a modern astronomer, the dating of the globe is still uncertain and its source or sources remain controversial ; Schaefer's conclusions have been strongly contested ( e. g., Dennis Duke, Journal for the History of Astronomy, February, 2006 ) most particularly on the ground that regardless of the globe's date the constellations on it show large disagreements with the only existing work by Hipparchus.

These mathematical disciplines began in Antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy.

The Ptolemaic dynasty, (, sometimes also known as the Lagids or Lagides,, from the name of Ptolemy I's father, Lagus ) was a Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

The Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus ( c. 150 BC ) and Ptolemy ( c. AD 150 ) subdivided the day sexagesimally and also used a mean hour, simple fractions of an hour (,, etc.

However, he insisted Demetrius would become king, knowing that Rome would never tolerate a unified Hellenistic state, and the year after Ptolemy VI was killed when Alexander Balas made a last desperate attempt to regain his throne.

Ring of Ptolemy VI Philometor as Hellenistic king

148 – 138 BC ), king of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, was the son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt.

It was influenced by ancient Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, Hellenistic thinkers such as Ptolemy, earlier Persian and Muslim scientists and philosophers such as Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Al-Farabi ( Alfarabi ) and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī.

Written in Greek by Claudius Ptolemy, a Roman era scholar of Egypt, it is one of the most influential scientific texts of all time, with its geocentric model accepted for more than twelve hundred years from its origin in Hellenistic Alexandria, in the medieval Byzantine and Islamic worlds, and in Western Europe through the Middle Ages and early Renaissance until Copernicus.

He was used as a pawn by the Egyptian king Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who introduced Zabinas as a means of getting to the legitimate Seleucid king Demetrius II, who supported his sister Cleopatra II against him in the complicated dynastic feuds of the latter Hellenistic dynasties.

Like other Asharites who believed that faith or taqlid should only apply to Islam and not to any ancient Hellenistic authorities, Ibn al-Haytham's view that taqlid should only apply to prophets of Islam and not to any other authorities formed the basis for much of his scientific skepticism and criticism against Ptolemy and other ancient authorities in his Doubts Concerning Ptolemy and Book of Optics.

1: North-East Propylaea | Propylon – 2: Prytaneion – 3: Philippeion – 4: Temple of Hera, Olympia | Temple of Hera – 5: Pelopion – 6: Nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus – 7: Metroon ,, – 8: Treasuries at Olympia | Treasuries – 9: Crypt ( arched way to the stadium ) – 10: Stadium at Olympia | Stadium – 11: Echo stoa – 12: Building of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II – 13: Hestia stoa – 14: Hellenistic building – 15: Temple of Zeus, Olympia | Temple of Zeus – 16: Altar of Zeus – 17: Ex-voto of Achaea ( ancient region ) | Achaeans – 18: Ex-voto of Mikythos – 19: Paeonius | Nike of Paeonius – 20: Gymnasion – 21: Palaestra at Olympia | Palaestra – 22: Theokoleon – 23: Heroon – 24: Phidias ' workshop and paleochristian basilica – 25: Baths of Kladeos – 26: Greek baths – 27 and 28: Hostels – 29: Leonidaion – 30: South baths – 31: Bouleuterion – 32: South stoa – 33: Villa of Nero Treasuries.

c. 130 BC ) ( Greek: Ευδοξος ) was a Greek navigator who explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

* On the eighth of Tevet one year during the 200s BC, a time of Hellenistic rule of Judea during the Second Temple period, Ptolemy, King of Egypt, ordered the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, a work which later became known as the Septuagint.

During the Hellenistic era it was subject at various times to Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V, and was at one time overrun by the Celts, but usually maintained its own kings.

The Musaeum or Mouseion at Alexandria ( Classical Greek ), which included the famous Library of Alexandria, was an institution founded, according to Johannes Tzetzes, by Ptolemy I Soter or, perhaps more likely, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus at Hellenistic Alexandria in Egypt.

Triplicity rulerships were still fairly important in medieval astrology, but nowhere near as vital as they were for Hellenistic astrologers such as Ptolemy.

* Greek / Hellenistic :- Hipparchus, Ptolemy

The Decree of Memphis is an ancient inscribed stone stela which comprises the second of the Ptolemaic Decrees issued by Ptolemy IV of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC.

With the revival of Hellenistic astronomy which took place during the Islamic Golden Age, Jews were intimately connected, and the Almagest is said to have been translated by Sahal ibn Tabari as early as 800, while one of the earliest independent students of astronomy among the Arabs was Mashallah ibn Athari ( 754-873 ?).

The visions describe the national crisis that occurred under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king who attempted to introduce Hellenistic religious practices, including the worship of idols, into the temple and the Jewish religion more generally, sparking outrage from Biblical authors.

In the 2nd century BCE, Antiochus IV Epiphanes ( ruler of the Seleucid Empire ) tried to eradicate Judaism in favour of Hellenistic religion.

Seleucus IV Philopator ( Greek: Σέλευκος Δ ' Φιλοπάτωρ ), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, reigned from 187 BC to 175 BC over a realm consisting of Syria ( now including Cilicia and Judea ), Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Nearer Iran ( Media and Persia ).

* Antiochus IV Epiphanes ( c. 215 – 164 BC ), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire

2 ), which had become predominant in the Hellenistic world, were cherished in the Sasanian court.

Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher also exonerates Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: ( 1 ) to drink wine in excess, a peculiar sin to the vicious evil man or ( 2 ) to partake of wine as the wise man, Noah being the latter.

* The Chinese under Emperor Wu of Han besiege and capture Kokand of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, during a 2 year war with the Yuezhi.

* The Hellenistic period Mathematician Eratosthenes estimated the radius of Earth's circumference to be 252, 000 Stadia, a figure between 2 %- 20 % off modern measurements.

Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, vol 1 and 2 ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 )

The idea originates in Jewish eschatology during the Hellenistic era, with the " four empires " in the dream of Nebuchadnezzar as narrated in the Book of Daniel, chapter 2.

This had little immediate impact on Christians, however, since most Christians did not know Hebrew and were familiar with the Hebrew Bible through the Greek Septuagint text of Hellenistic Jews, which included 2 Maccabees and other deuterocanonical works.

Interest in Hermogenes of Priene ( late 3rd-early 2nd century BCE ), the Hellenistic architect of a temple of Artemis Leukophryene ( Artemision ) at Magnesia in Lydia, an Ionian colony on the banks of the Maeander river in Anatolia, has been sparked by references to his esthetic made by the 1st century Roman architect Vitruvius ( De Architectura, books iii, 2 and 6 ).

( 1 ) The struggle for hegemony over Italy, especially against the Samnite League ( 338 – 264 BCE ); ( 2 ) the struggle with Carthage for hegemony in the western Mediterranean Sea ( 264 – 201 BCE ); and the struggle against the Hellenistic monarchies for control of the eastern Mediterranean ( 201 – 91 BCE ).

In the Hellenistic period Greek writings use the names Hebraios, Hebraïsti ( Josephus, Antiquities I, 1: 2, etc.

( with Denys Page ), The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams ( Cambridge, 1965 ), 2 vols.

* The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, 2 vols.