It lacks the NH < sub > 2 </ sub > group because of the cyclization of the side-chain and is known as an imino acid ; it falls under the category of special structured amino acids .</ ref > where R is an organic substituent known as a " side-chain "); often the term " amino acid " is used to refer specifically to these.

½ ( pKa < sub > 1 </ sub > + pKa < sub > R </ sub >), where pKa < sub > R </ sub > is the side-chain pKa.

Cysteine also has potentially negative side-chain with pKa < sub > R </ sub >

½ ( pKa < sub > R </ sub > + pKa < sub > 2 </ sub >).

where < big ></ big > is the number of degrees of freedom divided by two, R is the universal gas constant and n is the number of moles in the system ( a constant ).

An amide is a compound with the functional group R < sub > n </ sub > E ( O )< sub > x </ sub > NR '< sub > 2 </ sub > ( R and R ' refer to H or organic groups ).

The term amide refers both to classes of compounds and to the functional group ( R < sub > n </ sub > E ( O )< sub > x </ sub > NR '< sub > 2 </ sub >) within those compounds.

Amide can also refer to the conjugate base of ammonia ( the anion H < sub > 2 </ sub > N < sup >–</ sup >) or of an organic amine ( an anion R < sub > 2 </ sub > N < sup >–</ sup >).

Closely related and even more numerous are amides derived from primary amines ( R ' NH < sub > 2 </ sub >) with the formula RC ( O ) NHR '.

* Given an R-module M, the endomorphism ring of M, denoted End < sub > R </ sub >( M ) is an R-algebra by defining ( r · φ )( x ) = r · φ ( x ).

* Every polynomial ring R ..., x < sub > n </ sub > is a commutative R-algebra.

where k < sub > B </ sub > is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature, R is the resistance, and is the bandwidth of the frequency.

auxiliary regression is TR < sup > 2 </ sup >, where T is the sample size and R < sup > 2 </ sup > is the coefficient of determination.

( c ) Ligeantia localis, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the Sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the Sovereign a local obedience or allegiance ( R v Cowle ( 1759 ) 2 Burr 834 ; Low v Routledge ( 1865 ) 1 Ch App 42 ; Re Johnson, Roberts v Attorney-General 1 Ch 821 ; Tingley v Muller 2 Ch 144 ; Rodriguez v Speyer AC 59 ; Johnstone v Pedlar 2 AC 262 ; R v Tucker ( 1694 ) Show Parl Cas 186 ; R v Keyn ( 1876 ) 2 Ex D 63 ; Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 17 QBD 54 );

* A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy ( with his brother C. R. Aikin ), 2 vols.

* R. W. Sharples, 1994, Alexander of Aphrodisias: Quaestiones 2. 16-3. 15.

For example, the field extension R / Q, that is the field of real numbers as an extension of the field of rational numbers, is transcendental, while the field extensions C / R and Q (√ 2 )/ Q are algebraic, where C is the field of complex numbers.

There were four kinds of allegiances ( Rittson v Stordy ( 1855 ) 3 Sm & G 230 ; De Geer v Stone ( 1882 ) 22 Ch D 243 ; Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 54 LT 684 ; Gibson, Gavin v Gibson 3 KB 379 ; Joyce v DPP AC 347 ; Collingwood v Pace ( 1661 ) O Bridg 410 ; Lane v Bennett ( 1836 ) 1 M & W 70 ; Lyons Corp v East India Co ( 1836 ) 1 Moo PCC 175 ; Birtwhistle v Vardill ( 1840 ) 7 Cl & Fin 895 ; R v Lopez, R v Sattler ( 1858 ) Dears & B 525 ; Ex p Brown ( 1864 ) 5 B & S 280 );

: R < sub > 1 </ sub >- CH = CH-R < sub > 2 </ sub > + O < sub > 3 </ sub > → R < sub > 1 </ sub >- CHO + R < sub > 2 </ sub >- CHO + H < sub > 2 </ sub > O

J. Diggle and F. R. D. Goodyear ( 1972 ; 3 vols.

Most models for reconstruction assume that the tip is a spherical object, and utilise empirical corrections to stereographic projection to convert detector positions back to a 2D surface embedded in R < sup > 3 </ sup >.

By sweeping this surface through R < sup > 3 </ sup > as a function of the ion sequence input data, such as via ion-ordering, a volume is generated onto which positions the 2D detector positions can be computed and placed three-dimensional space.

A practical method of determining whether an enantiomer is R or S is by using the right-hand rule: one wraps the molecule with the fingers in the direction 1 → 2 → 3.

As such, the curl operator maps C < sup > 1 </ sup > functions from R < sup > 3 </ sup > to R < sup > 3 </ sup > to C < sup > 0 </ sup > functions from R < sup > 3 </ sup > to R < sup > 3 </ sup >.

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

The action and reaction forces are R and Af, respectively, and are equal and opposite in direction.

that is, it is known empirically that names beginning with R are more common than those beginning with Z ; ;

** The additive groups of R and C are isomorphic.

In the cases of the rational numbers ( Q ) and the real numbers ( R ) there are no nontrivial field automorphisms.

In the case of the complex numbers, C, there is a unique nontrivial automorphism that sends R into R: complex conjugation, but there are infinitely ( uncountably ) many " wild " automorphisms ( assuming the axiom of choice ).

Letters with asterisks are shown from the side (* L left or * R right ), rather than as the viewer would see them.

There are typically three mathematical forms for the radial functions R ( r ) which can be chosen as a starting point for the calculation of the properties of atoms and molecules with many electrons.

In alternative fashion, the ( S ) and ( R ) designators are used to indicate the absolute stereochemistry.

Almost all of the amino acids in proteins are ( S ) at the α carbon, with cysteine being ( R ) and glycine non-chiral.

However, Robert Rines, who previously made two underwater photographs allegedly showing the monster, countered with the fact that they can also be arranged into " Yes, both pix are monsters, R ."

Amides are also commonly derived from secondary amines ( R ' RNH ) with the formula RC ( O ) NR ' R.

* If the balance factor of R is + 1, two different rotations are needed.

The voltage source V on the left drives a Current ( electricity ) | current I around the circuit, delivering electrical energy into the resistor R. From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit.

In the monostable multivibrator, the one resistive-capacitive network ( C < sub > 2 </ sub >- R < sub > 3 </ sub > in figure 1 ) is replaced by a resistive network ( just a resistor ).

Ohm's law states that the voltage ( V ) across a resistor is proportional to the current ( I ), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance ( R ).

The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a portmanteau of the term " transfer resistor ".

It consists of the two n-p-n transistors V < sub > 3 </ sub > and V < sub > 4 </ sub >, the " lifting " diode V < sub > 5 </ sub > and the current-limiting resistor R < sub > 3 </ sub > ( see the figure on the right ).

In the middle of the transition, the resistor R < sub > 3 </ sub > limits the current flowing directly through the series connected transistor V < sub > 3 </ sub >, diode V < sub > 5 </ sub > and transistor V < sub > 4 </ sub > that are all conducting.

The resistor R < sub > 3 </ sub > does not increase the output resistance since it is connected in the V < sub > 3 </ sub > collector and its influence is compensated by the negative feedback.

Resistors are circuit elements that impede the passage of electric charge in agreement with Ohm's law, and are designed to have a specific resistance value R. In a schematic diagram the resistor is shown as a zig-zag symbol.

* The R-2R ladder DAC which is a binary-weighted DAC that uses a repeating cascaded structure of resistor values R and 2R.

Because of the low impedance of the diode when operated like this, resistor R is used to limit current through the circuit.

In the case of this simple reference, the current flowing in the diode is determined using Ohm's law and the known voltage drop across the resistor R ;

A sample schematic with one master ( a microcontroller ), three slave nodes ( an analog-to-digital converter | ADC, a digital-to-analog converter | DAC, and a microcontroller ), and pull-up resistor s R < sub > p </ sub >

With an L / R drive it is possible to control a low voltage resistive motor with a higher voltage drive simply by adding an external resistor in series with each winding.

where k < sub > B </ sub > is Boltzmann's constant in joules per kelvin, T is the resistor's absolute temperature in kelvins, and R is the resistor value in ohms ( Ω ).

The noise source can also be modeled by a current source in parallel with the resistor by taking the Norton equivalent that corresponds simply to divide by R. This gives the root mean square value of the current source as:

Norton's theorem for linear electrical networks, known in Europe as the Mayer – Norton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, I, in parallel with a single resistor, R. For single-frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just resistors.

In circuit theory, Thévenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just resistors.

The input signal is represented by a Thévenin voltage source, v < sub > s </ sub >, with a series resistance R < sub > s </ sub > and the load is a resistor R < sub > L </ sub >.

There are three basic, linear passive lumped analog circuit components: the resistor ( R ), the capacitor ( C ), and the inductor ( L ).

There is also a smaller negative feedback introduced by the emitter resistor R < sub > E </ sub >.

When the input voltage ( Q1 base voltage ) rises slightly above the voltage across the emitter resistor R < sub > E </ sub > ( the high threshold ), Q1 begins conducting.