Among well known ( generally non-kabbalist or anti-kabbalist ) Rabbis who rejected the idea of reincarnation are Saadia Gaon, David Kimhi, Hasdai Crescas, Yedayah Bedershi ( early 14th century ), Joseph Albo, Abraham ibn Daud, the Rosh and Leon de Modena.

Saadia Gaon, in Emunoth ve-Deoth ( Hebrew: " beliefs and opinions ") concludes Section VI with a refutation of the doctrine of metempsychosis ( reincarnation ).

While refuting reincarnation, the Saadia Gaon further states that Jews who hold to reincarnation have adopted non-Jewish beliefs.

Saadia Gaon, who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the Maccabees themselves, disputed by some, since it gives dates as so many years before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE.

( Some claim this section draws heavily on Aristotelian science and metaphysics ; others suggest that it is within the tradition of Saadia Gaon.

Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol, Saadia Gaon, Judah Halevi, Maimonides, and Gersonides.

Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identifies the definitive trait of " a cock girded about the loins " within Proverbs 30: 31 ( Douay – Rheims Bible ) as " the honesty of their behavior and their success ", identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use, within Judeo-Christian traditions.

Half a century later Rav Saadia Gaon, also of Sura, composed a siddur, in which the rubrical matter is in Arabic.

The most important writers are Yose ben Yoseh, probably in the 6th century, chiefly known for his compositions for Yom Kippur ; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century ; Saadia Gaon ; and the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur ( died in 970 ), ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman ( Nahmanides ) and Isaac Luria.

In Yemen, however, rather than abandoning the Aramaic targum during the public reading of the Torah, it was supplemented by a third version, namely the translation of the Torah into Arabic by Saadia Gaon ( called the Tafsir, though this Gaon was born in prominently Jewish at the time Sura Iraq, Babylon, moved to Egypt, arguably lead those two communities, and died in Jaffa ancestral Israel, he was not known to have ever been to the Jewish villages of Yemen.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Saadia Gaon, Egyptian-born rabbi

Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identified the definitive trait of " a cock girded about the loins " within Proverbs 30: 31 ( Douay – Rheims Bible ) as " the honesty of their behavior and their success ", identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use.

* 9th-12th centuries — Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ) and Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) support a universe that has a finite past and develop two logical arguments against the notion of an infinite past, one of which is later adopted by Immanuel Kant

Despite the rivalry of ben Naphtali and the opposition of Saadia Gaon, the most eminent representative of the Babylonian school of criticism, ben Asher's codex became recognized as the standard text of the Bible.

* Sefat Yeter, in defense of Saadia Gaon against Dunash ben Labrat, whose criticism of Saadia, Ibn Ezra had brought with him from Egypt ; published by Bislichs 1838 and Lippmann 1843.

; 940: In Iraq, Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur ( Jewish prayer book ).

The oldest Jewish religio-philosophical work preserved in Arabic is that of Saadia Gaon ( 892-942 ), Emunot ve-Deot, " The Book of Beliefs and Opinions ".

* Saadia Gaon's Emunoth ve-Deoth, his Tafsir ( biblical commentary and translation ), and his siddur ( the explanatory content ; not the prayers themselves )

This liturgy was compiled in book form as " the siddur " by rabbis including Amram Gaon and Saadia Gaon.

The oldest was an adaptation of Saadia Gaon's Arabic translation of the Jewish Torah.

Saadia Gaon, David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas, Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, to name a few, knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.

The oldest Jewish religio-philosophical work preserved is that of Saadia Gaon ( 892-942 ), Emunot ve-Deot, " The Book of Beliefs and Opinions ".

Saadia was thus in every way a supporter of the Kalam ; and if at times he deviated from its doctrines, it was owing to his religious views ; just as the Jewish and Muslim Peripatetics stopped short in their respective Aristotelianism whenever there was danger of wounding orthodox religion.

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

In Jewish philosophy and in Jewish mysticism Divine Simplicity is addressed via discussion of the attributes ( תארים ) of God, particularly by Jewish philosophers within the Muslim sphere of influence such as Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Paquda, Yehuda Halevi, and Maimonides, as well by Raabad III in Provence.

At the end of the section Saadia refutes certain objections to the Jewish doctrine of Creation, especially those that proceed from the concepts of time and space.

According to a classification borrowed by Saadia from the Motazilites but based upon an essentially Jewish view, the commandments are divided into those of reason and of revelation, although even the latter may be explained rationally, as is shown by numerous examples.

* Saadia B. Joseph public domain, 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia

The Siddur ( prayerbook ) of Saadia Gaon is the earliest surviving attempt to transcribe the weekly ritual of Jewish prayers for week-days, Sabbaths, and festivals ( apart from the prayer book of Amram Gaon, of which there is no authoritative text ).

Under the influence of the Arab grammarians, Rabbi Saadia Gaon ( tenth century ) made the Jewish study of Hebrew grammar almost scientific.

* Saadia Gaon ( Jewish exegete and philosopher )

In his description of the first two, the pious and the impious, Saadia devotes himself in the main to the problem of the sufferings of the pious and the good fortune of the impious, while the description of the last class, that of the contrite, leads him to detailed considerations, based upon the Bible, of repentance, prayer, and other evidences of human piety.

It is part of a prayer book compiled by Saadia Gaon.

An important later Yemenite authority was Rabbi Yiḥyah Qafiḥ's grandson, Rabbi Yosef Qafiḥ, who edited many important works by Maimonides and Saadia Gaon as well as issuing two new editions of the Baladi prayer book.

Saadia Gaon had taught in his book Emunot v ' Deot that Jews who believe in gilgul have adopted a non-Jewish belief.

15 ) declares that the Biblical patriarch Abraham was the recipient of the divine revelation of mystic lore ; so that the rabbis of the classical rabbinic era, and philosophers as Saadia, Donnolo, and Judah HaLevi never doubted that Abraham was the author of the book.

Dunash also wrote a book containing two hundred reservations about the teachings of his old mentor, Saadia Gaon.

In his " Moznayim " ( Preface ) Abraham ibn Ezra mentions him between Saadia Gaon and Judah ibn Ḳuraish, and speaks of him as the author of a book " compounded of Hebrew and Arabic.

Other signatories added their own touches, including Saadia Kobashi who added the phrase " HaLevy ", referring to the tribe of Levi.

Saadia Gaon's " Emunot ve-Deot " is an exposition of the main tenets of Judaism.

The sculptues were created by Costas Dikefalos, Thodoros Papayiannis, Yiorgos Tsaras, Vassilis Vassili, Christos Riganas, Kyriakos Rokos, Manolis Tsombanakis and Yiorgos Houliaras from Greece, Kyriakos Kallis, Nikos Kouroussis, Helene Black and Maria Kyprianou from Cyprus, Saadia Bahat from Israel, Victor Bonato from Germany and Ahmet El-Stoahy from Egypt.

Later Arabic translations also appeared ; one featured a further Samaritan revision of Saadia Gaon's translation to bring it into greater conformity with the Samaritan Pentateuch and others were based upon Arabic Pentateuchal translations used by Christians.

Though he quotes Saadia Gaon's works frequently, he belongs not to the rationalistic school of the Mu ' tazili that Saadia followed but, like his somewhat younger contemporary Solomon ibn Gabirol ( 1021 – 1070 ), is an adherent of Neoplatonic mysticism.

In this work Saadia treats the questions that interested the Mutakallamin, such as the creation of matter, the unity of God, the divine attributes, the soul, etc.

Saadia criticizes other philosophers severely.

For Saadia there was no problem as to creation: God created the world ex nihilo, just as the Bible attests ; and he contests the theory of the Mutakallamin in reference to atoms, which theory, he declares, is just as contrary to reason and religion as the theory of the philosophers professing the eternity of matter.

To prove the unity of God, Saadia uses the demonstrations of the Mutakallamin.