The suggestion that the German state intentionally streamlined its economy to carry out its grand strategy in a series of short campaigns in the near future was false.

After the war, Albert Speer pointed out that the German economy achieved greater armaments output, not because of diversions of capacity from civilian to military industry, but through streamlining of the economy.

Tooze explains that the German economy was planning for a long war.

The German leadership were concerned less with how to balance the civilian economy and the needs of civilian consumption, but rather to figure out how to best prepare the economy for total war.

" The directive comported with the view of General Lucius D. Clay and the Joint Chief of Staff over growing communist influence in Germany, as well as of the failure of the rest of the European economy to recover without the German industrial base on which it previously had been dependent.

In the 1920s, the United States followed an independent course, and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament, and refunding the German economy.

Hayek was defended by Professor Antony Flew who stated that the German Social Democrats, unlike the British Labour Party, had, since the late 1950s, abandoned public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange and had instead embraced the social market economy.

Contrary to popular belief, the Marshall Plan, which was extended to also include Western Germany after it was realized that the suppression of the Western German economy was holding back the recovery of the rest of Europe, was not the main force behind the Wirtschaftswunder.

The Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, led to the rapid growth of cities and to the emergence of the Socialist movement in Germany.

The result was that prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy.

Marshall Plan funding helped overcome bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls ( which were removed in 1949 ), and Marshall Plan business reforms opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports.

Thereafter, the West German economy evolved into a conventional west European welfare state.

Goebbels demanded from his audience a commitment to " total war ," the complete mobilization of the German economy and German society for the war effort.

This, combined with the U. S. air campaign against Germany ’ s synthetic oil production, finally broke the back of the German economy and thus its capacity for further resistance.

Underlying the basis of the “ containment ” of Germany was the so-called “ X documents ” provided by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler over the course of the winter of 1938 – 39 which suggested that the German economy, under the strain of massive military spending was on the verge of collapse, and which led British policy-makers to the conclusion that if Hitler could be deterred from war and if his regime was “ contained ” long enough, then the German economy would collapse, and with it, presumably the Nazi regime.

He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction in World War II to a central position in Europe, rebuilt its army and came to terms with France, helped make possible Western European unification, opposed rival East Germany, and made his nation a member of NATO and a firm ally of the United States.

Along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor Ludwig Erhard, the West German model of a " social market economy " ( a mixed economy with capitalism moderated by elements of social welfare and Catholic social teaching ) allowed for the boom period known as the Wirtschaftswunder (" economic miracle ") that produced broad prosperity.

Their common enemy was the Hanseatic League and the growing German influence over the Scandinavian economy.

It was begun in the late 19th century and redesigned while the construction was in progress to accommodate the extra offices needed due to the naval arms race with the German Empire.

In the kind of constitutional monarchy established under the Constitution of the German Empire which Bismarck inspired, the Kaiser retained considerable actual executive power, and the Prime Minister needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate.

This was just the opportunity the German Luftwaffe, Italian Regia Aeronautica, and the Soviet Union's Red Air Force needed to test their latest aircraft.

What was needed was a viable democratic German Army, free of the militarism and outlook of its wartime predecessor.

With an effective tactical-operational concept, the German air power theorists needed a strategic doctrine and organisation.

The German Army recognized that to break the stalemate of trench warfare, a light, hand-held automatic weapon was needed that would enable individual soldiers to move with the gun to new firing positions.

However, most German reconnaissance units in these formations were also primarily mechanized infantry and could undertake infantry missions when needed.

At the same time, throughout early 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had discussed a possibility of an economic deal involving industrial equipment and armament for the USSR in exchange for raw materials needed for German war production.

Bismarck's diplomatic moves relied on a victorious Prussian military, and these two men gave Bismarck the victories he needed to convince the smaller German states to join Prussia.

As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed Lebensraum (" living space ", i. e. land and raw materials ) and that these should be sought in the East.

Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are available in plain text, mainly using US-ASCII character encoding but frequently extended to ISO-8859-1 ( needed to represent accented characters in French and Scharfes s in German, for example ).

However, the German high command needed to produce an even greater number of helmets, leading to the usage of pressurized felt and even paper to construct Pickelhauben.

During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor U Boats ( which needed to surface to maintain radio contact ) and German shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Hitler was sufficiently impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needed a " wonder weapon " to maintain German morale, so authorized its deployment in large numbers.

While Taft stressed that America needed to prevent the New Deal from using the international crisis to extend socialism and dictatorship at home, the German blitzkrieg that quickly defeated France shook public opinion.

* 3, 000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar-triple the figure three months ago.

When German reunification was on the agenda in summer 1989, Powell claimed that Britain urgently needed to create an alliance with the Soviet Union in view of Germany's effect on the balance of power in Europe.

By 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.

Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II ( although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the Winter War against the Soviets ); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, Norway, and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.

The German Army's rapid blitz into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home.

Conversely, U. S. mortar platoons needed clearings in which to work ; these were few and dangerous, being pre-ranged by German troops, so mortar support was often unavailable to rifle platoons.

Edmonds considered that 30 % needed to be added to German statistcs to make them comparable with British casualty criteria.

However with the Hussite wars in Bohemia, it was impossible to count on the Czech or German armies, and the Hungarian ones were needed to protect the Kingdom and control the religious conflicts.