* 1965 – Frank Black, American singer-songwriter ( Pixies, Frank Black and the Catholics, and Grand Duchy )

* 1506 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk

Albert of Prussia (; ) ( 17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568 ) was the 37th and last sovereign Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia, which was the first state to adopt the Lutheran faith and Protestantism as the official state religion.

For want of funds, Alexander was unable to resist the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights or prevent Grand Duke of Muscovy Ivan III from ravaging Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Tatars.

The Republic of Siena is incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

1309 – 26 May 1339 ) was the Queen of Poland ( 1333 – 1339 ), and the Princess of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1683, the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan, bringing down the rebel Grand Duchy of Tungning, which was founded by the Ming loyalist Koxinga in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming, and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China.

In 1411, the First Peace of Thorn ended the Polish – Lithuanian – Teutonic War, in which the Teutonic Knights fought the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

** Diet of Finland, the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906

On 26 February 1815, Napoleon abandoned Elba for France, reviving the French Empire for a Hundred Days ; the Allies declared an end to Napoleon's sovereignty over Elba on 25 March 1815, and on 31 March 1815 Elba was ceded to the restored Grand Duchy of Tuscany by the Congress of Vienna.

In 1608 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany did an expedition to the area in order to create an Italian colony for the commerce of amazonian products to Renaissance Italy, but his sudden death stopped it.

* 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau.

Category: People from the Grand Duchy of Baden

Francis was from his experiences suspicious and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent ( in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe ).

The Civil War concerned control and leadership of the Grand Duchy of Finland after it had become sovereign in 1917.

Following the Diet of Porvoo in 1809, Finland, previously part of the Kingdom of Sweden, had been ruled as a nominally autonomous part of the Russian Empire, known as the Grand Duchy of Finland.

The collapse of the Russian Empire following the February and October Revolutions of 1917 spurred the collapse of the Grand Duchy of Finland, and the resultant power vacuum led to bitter conflict between the left-leaning labor movement, led by the Social Democrats, and more conservative non-socialists.

The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, as a part of the Russian Empire, became a part of the vacuum and the struggle for power.

The military significance of the Grand Duchy of Finland had been increasing for the Russians from the mid-19th century with the rising tensions and competition among the major European powers.

The Grand Duchy had also become a vital source of raw materials, industrial products, food, and labour for the growing capital city of Russia.

This caused more than 50 years of positive economic, industrial, cultural and educational development in the Grand Duchy of Finland.

These developments also encouraged Finnish nationalism and cultural unity through the birth of the Fennoman movement, which bound the Finns to the domestic governmental system and led to the idea that the Finnish Grand Duchy was an increasingly autonomous part of the Russian Empire.

In 1899 the Russian Empire initiated a policy of integration through Russification in the Finnish Grand Duchy.

* 1955 – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

In such cases it is the prime minister who holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the King or Queen ( or other monarch, such as a Grand Duke, in the case of Luxembourg, or Prince in the case of Monaco and Liechtenstein ) retains only residual ( but not always minor ) powers.

In contemporary times, both King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.

* 2 Grand Dukes of Luxembourg ( 1964 – present )

* Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg ( since 2000 )

* 1912 – Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV, becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.

* Grand Duke's Official Birthday ( Luxembourg )

After occupation by Revolutionary France, the 1815 Treaty of Paris transformed Luxembourg into a Grand Duchy in personal union with the Netherlands.

In the territory now covered by the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there is evidence of primitive inhabitants right back to the Paleolithic or old stone age over 35, 000 years ago.

Coat of arms of the Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of LuxembourgIn these centuries the electors of Brandenburg, later kings of Prussia ( Borussia ), advanced their claim to the Luxembourg patrimony as heirs-general to William of Thuringia and his wife Anna of Bohemia, the disputed dukes of Luxembourg of the 1460s – Anna was the eldest daughter of the last Luxembourg heiress.

This loss left the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg a predominantly German state, although French cultural influence remained strong.

This strategy had been elaborated with the approval of Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.

Throughout the war, Grand Duchess Charlotte broadcast via on BBC to Luxembourg to give hope to the people.

* The Integrated Traffic and Landscape Concept for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Comprehensive bus services linking the towns and villages of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg are controlled by the RGTR ( Régime général des transports routiers ) under the Ministry of Transport.

* The Integrated Traffic and Landscape Concept for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

On 8 January 1817, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, William I published a constitutional law governing the organization of a Militia, the main provisions of which were to remain in force until the Militia was abolished in 1881.

In 1945, the Corps de la Garde Grand Ducale ( Grand Ducal Guard Corps ), garrisoned in the Saint-Esprit barracks in Luxembourg City and the 1st and 2nd Infantry Battalions were established, one in Walferdange and the other in Dudelange.

Guard in front of Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg in 2009

** Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Monarchs have various titles — king or queen, prince or princess ( e. g., Sovereign Prince of Monaco ), Malik or Malikah ( e. g., Maliks of Middle eastern Mamlakahs ), emperor or empress ( e. g., Emperor of Japan, Emperor of India ), Shah of Iran, archduke, duke or grand duke ( e. g., Grand Duke of Luxembourg ).

* 1905 – Grand Duke Adolphe of Luxembourg, ( b. 1817 )