In India some intellectual references of the movement can be found in the works of Vandana Shiva, an ecologist and feminist, who in her book Biopiracy documents the way that the natural capital of indigenous peoples and ecoregions is converted into forms of intellectual capital, which are then recognized as exclusive commercial property without sharing the private utility thus derived.

hooks examines the effect of racism and sexism on black women, the civil rights movement, and feminist movements from suffrage to the 1970s.

Meanwhile, she says, the " feminist movement ", a largely white middle and upper class affair, did not articulate the needs of poor and non-white women, thus reinforcing sexism, racism, and classism.

She suggests this explains the low numbers of black women who participated in the feminist movement in the 1970s, pointing to Louis Harris ' Virginia Slims poll done in 1972 for Philip Morris that she says showed 62 percent of black women supported " efforts to change women's status " and 67 percent " sympathized with the women's rights movement ", compared with 45 and 35 percent of white women ( also Steinem, 1972 ).

Since the feminist movement of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes-in ( singular ) and-innen ( plural ) to emphasize the inclusion of females ; but written with a capital ' I ', to indicate that males are not excluded.

Male chauvinism was apparent long before the feminist movement, and studies indicate that it has been as long-believed and practiced as racism and religious persecution.

In a number of areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved.

Additionally, they have begun to explore notions of difference, engaging in dialogue about the differences among women ( part of movement away from essentialism in feminist work more generally ), the various methodologies and perspectives contained under the umbrella of feminist film theory, and the multiplicity of methods and intended effects that influence the development of films.

Pro-feminism is the support of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement.

Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective.

( The relevance of personal experience to the policies of groups of people is a familiar notion to veterans of the feminist movement.

It was a feminist movement in that most of its teachers and students were women ; notable among the founders of the movement were Emma Curtis Hopkins, known as the " teacher of teachers " Myrtle Fillmore, Malinda Cramer, and Nona L. Brooks ; with its churches and community centers mostly led by women, from the 1880s to today.

The term Christian egalitarianism is sometimes preferred by those advocating gender equality and equity among Christians who do not wish to associate themselves with the feminist movement.

Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also utilised secular and European or non-Muslim feminist discourses and recognise the role of Islamic feminism as part of an integrated global feminist movement.

The term thealogy is sometimes used in the context of the Neopagan Goddess movement, a pun on theology and thea θεά " goddess " intended to suggest a feminist approach to theism.

Nevertheless, prominent figures were known to form homosexual relationships, including Narcyza Żmichowska ( 1819 – 1876 ), a writer and founder of the Polish feminist movement, who used her private experiences in her writing.

Heterosexual feminist leader Helene Stöcker became a prominent figure in the movement.

Magnus Hirschfeld's Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, which promoted tolerance for homosexuals in Germany, welcomed lesbian participation, and a surge of lesbian-themed writing and political activism in the German feminist movement became evident.

Of the latter two, the gay rights movement and the feminist movement connected after a violent confrontation occurred in New York City in the 1969 Stonewall riots.

What followed was a movement characterized by a surge of gay activism and feminist consciousness that further transformed the definition of lesbian.

In 1992 a feminist group began a nationwide fundraising campaign and then obtained matching state funds to endow a professorship at the University of Oklahoma Law School in honor of Hill.

Within groups such as New York Radical Women ( 1967 – 1969 ), no relation to Radical Women, a present-day socialist feminist organization ), which Ellen Willis characterized as " the first women's liberation group in New York City ", a radical feminist ideology began to emerge that declared that " the personal is political " and " sisterhood is powerful ", formulations that arose from these consciousness-raising sessions.

" The feminist side of the split, which soon began referring to itself as " radical feminists ", soon constituted the basis of a new organization, Redstockings.

In the 1960s and 1970s, feminist archaeology emerged as adherents of the second wave feminist movement began to argue that women in the archaeological record had been ignored by archaeologists up until that time.

It was not until the advent of feminist literary criticism within the academy in the 1970s and 1980s that Barbauld finally began to be included in literary history.

Beginning with 1966's Number 1 hit in Cash Box, " You Ain't Woman Enough ", Lynn began writing songs with a feminist viewpoint, which was unheard of in country music.

With The Romance of a Plain Man ( 1909 ) and The Miller of Old Church ( 1911 ) Glasgow began concentrating on gender traditions ; she contrasted the conventions of the Southern woman with the feminist viewpoint, a direction which she continued in Virginia ( 1913 ).

She served as resident dramatist at the Royal Court Theatre from 1974 – 1975, and later began collaboration with theatre companies such as Joint Stock Theatre Company and Monstrous Regiment ( a feminist theatre union ) which used an extended workshop period in their development of new plays.

In 1991, the band spent a summer in Washington, D. C., where Hanna began collaborating with Allison Wolfe, Molly Neuman and Jen Smith from the band Bratmobile on the zine riot grrrl, which became a call to action for increased feminist activity and female involvement in the punk rock scene.

In 1838, Grimké began to tour the Northeast, giving abolitionist and feminist lectures in churches.

The early feminist movement began to argue for the improvement of women's education in the 1860s: Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon met through their activism at the Society for the Employment of Women and the Englishwoman's Review.

In addition to litigation, feminist activists also began to form their own institutions to propagate their ideals.

Also in 1971, Gloria Steinem and others began publishing Ms. Magazine, the first national feminist magazine The first three hundred thousand copies of Ms. sold out in eight days ; the magazine name comes from the fact that the title Ms. was originally popularized by feminists in the 1970s to replace Miss and Mrs. and provide a parallel term to Mr., in that both Ms. and Mr. designate gender without indicating marital status.

As the 1970s began, the New Left faded away, and many movements arose in its wake – among them the feminist, men's liberation, spiritual, human potential, ecology, appropriate technology, alternative education, and holistic health movements.

In the Descent of Man, Darwin wrote that by choosing tools and weapons over the years, " man has ultimately become superior to woman " but Blackwell's argument for women's equality went largely ignored until the 1970s when feminist scientists and historians began to explore Darwin.

Some feminist groups began to concern themselves with prescribing what proper feminist sexuality should look like.

Andrea Dworkin and Robin Morgan began articulating a vehemently anti-porn stance based in radical feminism beginning in 1974, and anti-porn feminist groups, such as Women Against Pornography and similar organizations, became highly active in various US cities during the late 1970s.

In the words of lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, " Lesbian feminism emerged as a result of two developments: lesbians within the WLM Liberation Movement began to create a new, distinctively feminist lesbian politics, and lesbians in the GLF Liberation Front left to join up with their sisters ".

The integral role that women played within salons, as salonnières, began to receive greater-and more serious-study in latter parts of the twentieth century, with the emergence of a distinctly feminist historiography.

As the feminist movement began to gain attention, however, many regarded the novel as one of the most influential works in feminist literature and its wide acceptance heralded the start of feminist science fiction.

According to Kirsten Abbott, feminist interpretation regards the story of Hosea and his relations with his wife Gomer as a metaphor for the conflict between a Covenant Theology ( Israel violating the covenant relationship with YHWH ) and a Creation Theology ( YHWH will undo the fertility of the earth in response to Israel following other fertility gods ).

Throughout her career, Love's wild stage antics and subversive feminist attitude have polarized audiences and critics, with Rolling Stone once calling her " the most controversial woman in the history of rock.

Simultaneous movements like the Young Lords, to empower youth, question patriarchy, democratize the Church, end police brutality, and end the Vietnam War, all intersected with other ethnic nationalist, peace, countercultural, and feminist movements.

* Marge Piercy's He, She and It presents a rather feminist view on the cyborg issue with Yod who, however, is provided with some male attributes.

Much of the history of Dianic Wicca is closely intertwined with " traditional " Wicca, though Dianic Wicca's feminist views stem largely from second wave feminism.

The decade also saw the framing of FGM — along with other issues in the domestic sphere, such as dowry deaths — as a human rights violation, rather than as a health concern, and this encouraged academic interest, including from feminist legal scholars.

Many feminist theologians assert that personal experience can be an important component of insight into the divine, along with the more traditional sources of holy books or received tradition.

The narrative is interwoven with a love story and an examination of women's struggles to enlarge their roles and achieve some independence within the social climate of 1930s England, and the novel has been described as " the first feminist mystery novel.

In 1909 he had a daughter, Anna-Jane, with the writer Amber Reeves, whose parents, William and Maud Pember Reeves, he had met through the Fabian Society ; and in 1914, a son, Anthony West ( 1914 – 1987 ), by the novelist and feminist Rebecca West, twenty-six years his junior.

Along with her work as a writer of prose fiction, Russ was also a playwright, essayist, and author of nonfiction works, generally literary criticism and feminist theory, including the essay collection Magic Mommas, Trembling Sisters, Puritans & Perverts ; How to Suppress Women's Writing ; and the book-length study of modern feminism, What Are We Fighting For ?.

Sartre has also been noted for his relationship with the prominent feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir.

Bradley's tale, for example, takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials, and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy.

The lesbian movement has been closely associated with the feminist movement in Chile, although the relationship has been sometimes strained.

Camille Paglia, a self-described " dissident feminist " who has often been at odds with other academic feminists, argues that the Marxist-inspired interpretation of misogyny so prevalent in second-wave feminism is seriously flawed.

Several of these articles advocated his staunchly feminist views, calling for the liberation of women in Chinese society ; alongside his early experiences with forced arranged marriage, this was possibly influenced by the recent death of his mother and his increasing romantic involvement with Yang Kaihui ( 1901 – 1930 ), the daughter of Mao's recently deceased mentor Yang Changji.

Julie M. Thompson, a feminist author, connects misandry with envy of men, in particular " penis envy ," a term coined by Sigmund Freud in 1908, in his theory of female sexual development.

Other manners in which many North American pagans have got involved with the movement are through political and / or ecological activism, such as " vegetarian groups, health food stores " or feminist university courses.