Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in his Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual.

Comics historian Les Daniels commented, " In retrospect the imperative seems less than inevitable, perhaps no more than trendy gender bending or possibly just a response to the homophobia inspired by Fredric Wertham more than thirty years earlier.

Psychologist Fredric Wertham decided that the phenomenon was a landmine of hidden and repressed Freudian issues, and that a sidekick's involvement in violent acts with his hero masked a sexual subtext.

Fredric Wertham ( March 20, 1895 – November 18, 1981 ) was a German-born American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of violent imagery in mass media and comic books on the development of children.

" The Strange Case of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 123 ( August 15, 1987 ); " The Return of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 124 ( Sept. 1, 1987 ); " From Dr. Wertham With Love " Amazing Heroes # 125 ( Sept. 15, 1987 ) part series, see below for link to condensed version posted online under title " Fredric Wertham-Anti-Comics Crusader Who Turned Advocate ".

Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture.

Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture.

* Comics Reporter: " Let's You and Him Fight " Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5-Bart Beaty and Craig Fischer discuss Beaty's " Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture "

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# REDIRECT Fredric Wertham

: Wertham, Fredric ( 2 December 1946 ).

The shorts were intended to satirize suggestions that early Batman comics implied a homosexual relationship between the eponymous title character and his sidekick Robin, a charge most infamously leveled by Fredric Wertham in his 1954 book, Seduction of the Innocent.

For every detractor who thinks he ’ s the worst thing to happen to comic books since Fredric Wertham, there are a dozen ravenous fanboys ready to snatch up whatever he does next.

Psychologist Fredric Wertham, who in Seduction of the Innocent asserted that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual ", claimed to find a " subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature ' Batman ' and his young friend ' Robin '".

# REDIRECT Fredric Wertham

Wertham always denied that he favored censorship or had anything against comic books in principle, and in the 1970s he focused his interest on the benign aspects of the comic fandom subculture ; in his last book, The World of Fanzines ( 1974 ), he concluded that fanzines were " a constructive and healthy exercise of creative drives ".

* 1973: " Doctor Wertham Strikes Back!

Back aboard his ship, the aircraft carrier USS Savo Island, Brubaker is called to the quarters of Admiral Tarrant ( Fredric March ), who has taken an interest in Brubaker because he reminds Tarrant of his son, a Navy pilot killed in World War II.

And, thanks to the support of publisher Fredric Warburg ( of Secker & Warburg ), they published books.

Fredric Gerson Levin ( born March 29, 1937 ) is an American plaintiffs ' attorney in the state of Florida, who is the owner of his own law practice in northwest Florida, Levin, Papantonio, Thomas, Mitchell, Echsner & Proctor, P. A.

when he did the makeup on Fredric March for Dr Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, it was so painful it took his whole face off.

Katheryn Russell-Brown ( born Katheryn K. Russell, September 17, 1961 ) is a professor of law and director of the Center for the Study of Race and Race Relations at University of Florida's Fredric G. Levin College of Law.

* Fredric Seager, The Boulanger Affair, Political Crossroads of France, 1886-1889, Ithaca, N. Y .: Cornell University Press, 1969.

Later thinkers who have acknowledged Burke's influence include Harold Bloom, Stanley Cavell, Susan Sontag ( his student at the University of Chicago ), Erving Goffman, Geoffrey Hartman, Edward Said, René Girard, Fredric Jameson, Michael Calvin McGee, Dell Hymes and Clifford Geertz.

The Fredric G. Levin College of Law at the University of Florida is named for him.

Architectural historian Fredric Bedoire, Professor at the Royal University of Fine Arts in Stockholm, compares the " beautiful " Salem fields to the architecturally notable mausoleums and undulating landscape to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

In 1975, he was invited to Yale University to teach Japanese literature as a Visiting Professor, where he met Paul de Man and Fredric Jameson and began to work on formalism.

David Michael Skover is the Fredric C. Tausend Professor of Law at the Seattle University School of Law.

His 1970s films included Monte Walsh ( 1970 ) with Jeanne Moreau, the violent Prime Cut ( 1972 ) with Gene Hackman, Pocket Money ( 1972 ) with Paul Newman, Emperor of the North Pole ( 1973 ) opposite Ernest Borgnine, as Hickey in The Iceman Cometh ( 1973 ) with Fredric March and Robert Ryan, The Spikes Gang ( 1974 ) with Noah Beery, Jr., The Klansman ( 1974 ) with Richard Burton, Shout at the Devil ( 1976 ) with Roger Moore, The Great Scout and Cathouse Thursday ( 1976 ) with Oliver Reed, and Avalanche Express ( 1978 ) with Robert Shaw.

The 1973 film was also notable for being Fredric March's last screen role.

The 1973 film version featured many notable actors besides Lee Marvin, including Fredric March as Harry, Robert Ryan as Larry, Jeff Bridges as Don, George Voskovec as General Wetjoen and Moses Gunn as Joe.

* Daniel Biddle, 1987 Investigative Reporting Pulitzer, Philadelphia Inquirer with H. G. Bissinger and Fredric N. Tulsky ; Staff / The Sun Newspapers of Omaha, NE, including Stanford Lipsey, 1973 Local Investigative Specialized Reporting Pulitzer ; and

The many novels influenced by the Ripper include: A Case to Answer ( 1947 ) by Edgar Lustgarten, The Screaming Mimi ( 1949 ) by Fredric Brown, Terror Over London ( 1957 ) by Gardner Fox, Ritual in the Dark ( 1960 ) and The Killer ( 1970 ) by Colin Wilson, Sagittarius ( 1962 ) by Ray Russell, A Feast Unknown ( 1969 ) by Philip José Farmer, A Kind of Madness ( 1972 ) by Anthony Boucher, Nine Bucks Row ( 1973 ) by T. E. Huff, The Michaelmas Girls ( 1975 ) by John Brooks Barry, Jack's Little Friend ( 1975 ) by Ramsey Campbell, By Flower and Dean Street ( 1976 ) by Patrice Chaplin, The Private Life of Jack the Ripper ( 1980 ) by Richard Gordon, White Chappell, Scarlet Tracings ( 1987 ) by Iain Sinclair, Anno Dracula ( 1992 ) by Kim Newman, A Night in the Lonesome October ( 1993 ) by Roger Zelazny, Ladykiller ( 1993 ) by Martina Cole, Savage ( 1993 ) by Richard Laymon, The Pit ( 1993 ) by Neil Penswick, Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem ( 1994 ) by Peter Ackroyd, Pentecost Alley ( 1996 ) by Anne Perry, and Matrix ( 1998 ) by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry.