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Latin and script

Alphabets: Armenian alphabet | Armenian , Cyrillic | Cyrillic , Georgian alphabet | Georgian , Greek alphabet | Greek , Latin script | Latin , Latin ( and Arabic script | Arabic ) , Latin and Cyrillic Abjads: Arabic script | Arabic , Hebrew alphabet | Hebrew Abugidas: Indic scripts | North Indic , Indic scripts | South Indic , Ge ' ez script | Ge ' ez , Tāna , Canadian Aboriginal syllabics | Canadian Syllabic and Latin Logographic + syllabic: Pure logographic , Mixed logographic and syllabaries , Featural-alphabetic syllabary + limited logographic , Featural-alphabetic syllabary

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The largest alphabets in the narrow sense include Kabardian and Abkhaz ( for Cyrillic ), with 58 and 56 letters, respectively, and Slovak ( for the Latin script ), with 46.

It is an Ethiopian name of the Ge ‘ ez script, ’ ä bu gi da, taken from four letters of that script the way abecedary derives from Latin a be ce de.

The glyphs most commonly used in conjunction with the Latin script since early modern times are < big > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 </ big >.

Latin and devised

One of the most durable charters ever devised in Latin America, the Portalian constitution lasted until 1925.

It was Bernard de Clairvaux and founder Hugues de Payens who devised the specific code of behaviour for the Templar Order, known to modern historians as the Latin Rule.

Feeling vulnerable to opposition on religious grounds, however, he devised a method of obscuring his meaning by using " Virgilianized " syntax, word games and a mixture of other languages such as Greek, Italian, Latin, and Provençal.

He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by the innovator of Latin literature, Livius Andronicus.

The Latin words Et tu, Brute ?, however, were not devised by Shakespeare for this play, since they are attributed to Caesar in earlier Elizabethan works and had become conventional by 1599.

Former National Intelligence Officer for Latin America and Cuba expert Professor Brian Latell argues in his book After Fidel, that the plan to assassinate Somoza was devised in Havana with direct input from Fidel Castro.

In 1926, during the korenizatsiya policy in the Soviet Union, the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr.

In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic script was devised in the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria, based on the Glagolitic, the Greek and Latin alphabets.

Also, some Latin alphabets devised in the 1920s for some Caucasian languages used the ſ for some specific sounds.

" Dependency Theory, devised largely by Latin American academics, draws on this inference.

The Bouyei language has its own written form which was created by linguists in the 1950s based on the Latin alphabet and with spelling conventions similar for the Pinyin system that had been devised to romanise Mandarin Chinese.

With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and change to communism, the promotion of a Cyrillic-derived alphabet also began, but when the tensions between the Soviet Union and China grew bigger during the late 1950s, the Chinese devised a new alphabet based upon Pinyin and Cyrillic ( the character structure looks like the Uniform Turkic Alphabet – a Cyrillic-influenced Latin alphabet, full of Latin letters like Ə, Ƣ, Ⱨ, Ɵ, etc.

This resulted in five conferences between 2000 and 2001, where a Latin-derived alphabet was devised, known as Uyghur Latin Yëziqi.

The notes also include the Pigpen cipher, devised by the Freemasons, and it may not be coincidental that the abbreviation AVM seen in Latin letters on the Kensington stone also appears ( for AUM ) on many Masonic gravestones ; Wolter and Nielsen in their 2005 book even suggested a connection with the Knights Templar.

Apparently Cange was basing his low style on sermo humilis, the simplified speech devised by Late Latin Christian writers to address the ordinary people.

The name " Avion " was devised by Ader from Latin avis (" bird ") and became the origin of the word avion, the most common in French to designate an airplane ( heavier-than-air aircraft ).

The Brazilian government devised a number of new electrical and mechanical means of torture during the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985, and proceeded to train military officials from other Latin American countries in their techniques.

This pious fraud, first devised in the ninth century, was devoutly cherished by the Latin crusaders, and is annually repeated by the clergy of the Greek, Armenian, and Coptic sects, who impose on the credulous spectators for their own benefit and that of their tyrants.

It devised a scheme, founded on that for the Latin Thesaurus of the Berlin Academy, which almost mechanically sorts the whole number of occurrences of every word in any text examined.

Nunatsiavut uses a variant of the Latin alphabet devised by German-speaking Moravian missionaries, which includes the letter Κʻ ĸ ( kra ).

Latin and by

It may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform, if again we may trust the opening of the oratio, for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this Latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary.

But the Latin American republics who have been rather inclined to drag their feet on taking action against Castro also reacted swiftly last week by finally throwing Cuba off the Inter-American Defense Board.

Political interference in Africa and Asia and even in Latin America ( though limited in Latin America by the special interest of the United States as expressed in the Monroe Doctrine, itself from the outset related to European politics and long dependent upon the `` balance of power '' system in Europe ) was necessary in order to preserve both common economic values and the European `` balance '' itself.

During the nineteenth century these views were protested by virtually all the Latin American writers, though ineffectively, just as the new nations of Africa and Asia protest them, with more effect, today.

Most of them, the world over, operate on the same principle by which justice is administered in France and some other Latin countries: the customer is to be considered guilty of abysmal ignorance until proven otherwise, with the burden of proof on the customer himself.

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally " radiant "), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.

Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.

The names were abandoned in Latin, which instead referred to the letters by adding a vowel ( usually e ) before or after the consonant ( the exception is zeta, which was retained from Greek ).

The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.

The separation of curium and americium was so painstaking that those elements were initially called by the Berkeley group as pandemonium ( from Greek for all demons or hell ) and delirium ( from Latin for madness ).

Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rheato-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

The traditional etymology is from the Latin aperire, " to open ," in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to " open ," which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of ἁνοιξις ( anoixis ) ( opening ) for spring.

A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

Galileo announced his discovery that Venus had phases like the Moon in the form " Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur-oy " ( Latin: These immature ones have already been read in vain by me-oy ), that is, when rearranged, " Cynthiae figuras aemulatur Mater Amorum " ( Latin: The Mother of Loves Venus imitates the figures of Cynthia the moon ).

He wrote the grammatical rules for the Vulgate Latin spoken by some illiterates in Europe at his time.

Ammianus relates ( xvii. 1. 11 ) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main ( Latin Menus ), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees.

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