Specifically, at speeds of OC-3 and above, the cost of segmentation and reassembly ( SAR ) hardware makes ATM less competitive for IP than Packet Over SONET ( POS ); because of its fixed 48-byte cell payload, ATM is not suitable as a data link layer directly underlying IP ( without the need for SAR at the data link level ) since the OSI layer on which IP operates must provide a maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of at least 576 bytes.

Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign ; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces.

By continuing production, the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fixed cost, but by stopping completely it would lose the entirety of its fixed cost.

Losses are minimized by not producing at all, since any production would not generate returns significant enough to offset any fixed cost and part of the variable cost.

By not producing, the firm loses only its fixed cost.

By losing this fixed cost the company faces a challenge.

Microprogramming also reduced the cost of field changes to correct defects ( bugs ) in the processor ; a bug could often be fixed by replacing a portion of the microprogram rather than by changes being made to hardware logic and wiring.

For producers of homogeneous goods, when demand falls, these producers have more of an incentive to maintain output and cut prices, in order to spread out the high fixed costs these producers faced ( i. e. lowering cost per unit ) and the desire to exploit efficiencies of maximum volume production.

Given high fixed costs, the new price was below average total cost, resulting in a loss.

Natural monopolies arise where the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, has an overwhelming cost advantage over other actual or potential competitors ; this tends to be the case in industries where fixed costs predominate, creating economies of scale that are large in relation to the size of the market, as is the case in water and electricity services.

Two different types of cost are important in microeconomics: marginal cost, and fixed cost.

A natural monopoly has a high fixed cost for a product that does not depend on output, but its marginal cost of producing one more good is roughly constant, and small.

Since each firm has large initial costs, as the firm gains market share and increases its output the fixed cost ( what they initially invested ) is divided among a larger number of customers.

In 2009, the operations and maintenance contract for the day-to-day management and operation of the Fence was awarded to Five Rivers Services, LLC, based out of Colorado Springs, CO. On September 30, 2011, Five Rivers Services was awarded a $ 7, 022, 503 firm fixed price with cost reimbursable line items contract modification to manage, operate, maintain, and logistically support the nine Air Force Space Surveillance System field stations, presumably for Fiscal Year 2012.

Because fixed cost must be paid regardless of whether a firm operates they should not be considered in deciding whether to produce or shutdown.

If the revenue the firm is receiving is greater than its total variable cost ( R > VC ) then the firm is covering all variable cost plus there is additional revenue (" contribution "), which can be applied to fixed costs.

We would have the means to seek out and destroy the enemy's force -- whether it were fixed or mobile.

Mickey's eyes fixed on the other's feet, which would first betray the moment and direction of an attack.

mixed-effects model would compare the ( fixed ) incumbent texts to

This new system would not have to conform to any existing preconceptions, and was designed to be worthy of the Mac-a system that was user-installable, had zero-configuration, and no fixed network addresses-in short, a true plug-and-play network.

For instance an arbitrageur would first buy a convertible bond, then sell fixed income securities or interest rate futures ( to hedge the interest rate exposure ) and buy some credit protection ( to hedge the risk of credit deterioration ).

: When, after the action had thus occurred, his own men returned to each general, Scipio could adopt no fixed plan of proceeding, except that he should form his measures from the plans and undertakings of the enemy: and Hannibal, uncertain whether he should pursue the march he had commenced into Italy, or fight with the Roman army which had first presented itself, the arrival of ambassadors from the Boii, and of a petty prince called Magalus, diverted from an immediate engagement ; who, declaring that they would be the guides of his journey and the companions of his dangers, gave it as their opinion, that Italy ought to be attacked with the entire force of the war, his strength having been nowhere previously impaired.

Richardson had believed, based on Euclidean geometry, that a coastline would approach a fixed length, as do similar estimations of regular geometric figures.

While in the late Baroque a major composer would have the entire musical resources of a town to draw on, the forces available at a hunting lodge were smaller and more fixed in their level of ability.

Without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result.

The early European calicoes ( 1680 ) would thus be a cheap equal weft and warp plain weave cotton fabric in white, cream or unbleached cotton, with a block printed design using a single alizarin dye, fixed with two mordants giving a red and black pattern.

Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with ( requiring a force to do so ), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the field — a configuration that must be " held " or fixed by a different type of force ( otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position ).

Mountbatten set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would convince Indians of his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, excluding all possibilities of stalling the process.

For example, a field called " Length of Stay " could invoke a MUMPS expression that would process the various dates, transfers, and discharges that would then be returned as if it were stored as a fixed data element.

Consider a beam, fixed at one end and having a mass attached to the other ; this would be a single degree of freedom ( SDoF ) oscillator.

His intention was for the fixed defensive positions to canalise and disorganise the enemy's advance while mobile units would attack their flanks and rear.

Additionally, Vanek states that workers in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises would have stronger incentives to maximize productivity because they would receive a share of the profits ( based on the overall performance of their enterprise ) in addition to receiving a fixed wage or salary.

Exactly when these poems would have taken on a fixed written form is subject to debate.

This proposal had a degree of flexibility which the European Committee for Banking Standards ( ECBS ) believed would make it unworkable and they produced a " slimmed down " version of the standard which, amongst other things, permitted only upper case letters and required that the IBAN for each country have a fixed length.

On 23 August 1939 at a secret meeting of the Reichs top military leadership at the Berghof, Hitler argued neither Britain nor France would go to war for Poland without the Soviet Union, and fixed " X-Day ", the date for the invasion of Poland for 26 August.

There he repeated in a different form all that he had already said, for all the world as if he had a gramophone fixed in his brain ... When I took leave, he subjected me to an interminable handshake, meanwhile fixing his cold blue eyes on mine, and repeating almost word for word what he said to me on arrival ... I felt I should never be able to establish any human contact with this man " In early June 1940, when Mussolini informed Hitler that he at long last would enter the war on 10 June 1940, Hitler was most dismissive, in private calling Mussolini a cowardly opportunist who broke the terms of the Pact of Steel in September 1939 when the going looked rough, and was only entering the war in June 1940 after it was clear that France was beaten and it appeared that Britain would soon make peace.

The statistician ascertains that the engineer would not have held up the measurements until the meter was fixed, and informs him that new measurements are required.

This would be composed of a fixed, habitable shelter-laboratory ( SHELAB ) with a small lunar-traversing vehicle ( LTV ) that could either carry one man or be remotely controlled.

`` You have every right to be '', I replied gravely in the Manu dialect, but my attention was fixed on Brassnose, the biggest and strongest of us.

Because of a missile's ballistic trajectory, the location of a fixed target must be known quite accurately.

The aircraft could be used to destroy other mobile, fleeting, and imprecisely located targets as well as the known, fixed and hardened targets which can also be destroyed by missile.

Let N be a positive integer and let V be the space of all N times continuously differentiable functions F on the real line which satisfy the differential equation Af where Af are some fixed constants.

For an experiment to qualify as a binomial experiment, it must have four properties: ( 1 ) there must be a fixed number of trials, ( 2 ) each trial must result in a `` success '' or a `` failure '' ( a binomial trial ), ( 3 ) all trials must have identical probabilities of success, ( 4 ) the trials must be independent of each other.

There must be a fixed number n of repeated trials.

Now the only way in which all curves of the image family of Af can pass through a fixed point is to have a generator of Af which is not a secant but a tangent of **zg, for then any point on such a generator will be transformed into the point of tangency.

Since effective area coverage appears fairly remote, the requirement can be borne in mind while considering the elements: air, surface, sub-surface, fixed installations, mines, and intelligence.

In addition, proposals for fixed installations should be carefully weighed against a counterpart mobile system.

In practical situations there will be restrictions on the admissible operating conditions, and we regard the vectors as belonging to a fixed and bounded set S.

My man, he won't be around a little while, he just fixed me up with this stuff they took out of the Elite.

They recommended, also, that `` at a fixed hour, let the entire family be assembled for night prayers, followed by a short reading of the Holy Scriptures ''.

The ends of the beams should then be fixed to the tops of the walls using the builder ’ s preferred choice of attachments.

After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, where it can be used without limit.

The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size.

It is not hard to see that the minimal description of a string cannot be too much larger than the string itself-the program GenerateFixedString above that outputs s is a fixed amount larger than s.

Moreover, if any coefficient is a fixed power of 2, the multiplication can be replaced by bit shifting.

The principle it works on, the constant of simultaneity, is analogous in some ways to gravity ... One point has to be fixed, on a planet of certain mass, but the other end is portable.

Let R be a fixed commutative ring.

In addition the fixed cell structure means that ATM can be readily switched by hardware without the inherent delays introduced by software switched and routed frames.

xiii, " Cum ad Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ") prescribes their work, determines how much they may charge for their labour, fixes a certain tax for an abstract or abridgment of twenty-five words, or their equivalent, 150 letters, forbids them to charge more, even though the abstract goes over twenty-five words but less than fifty words, enacts that the basis of the tax is the labour employed in writing, expediting, etc., the Bulls, and by no means the emoluments accruing to the recipient of the favour or benefice conferred by the Bull, and declares that whoever shall charge more than the tax fixed by him shall be suspended for six months from office, and upon a second violation of the law, shall be deprived of it altogether, and if the delinquent be an abbreviator, he shall be excommunicated.