In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being.

Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes ( i. e. 23 pairs ).

The resulting combination is called a zygote, a new and genetically unique human organism.

The resulting human zygote is similar to the majority of somatic cells because it contains two copies of the genome in a diploid set of chromosomes.

Mitotically active human female germ cells could be very beneficial to a new method of embryonic stem cell development that involves a nuclear transfer into a zygote.

Collectivism is a basic cultural element that exists as the reverse of individualism in human nature ( in the same way high context culture exists as the reverse of low context culture ), and stresses the priority of group goals over individual goals and the importance of cohesion within social groups ( such as an " in-group ", in what specific context it is defined ).

This was first established in The Call of Cthulhu, with the minds of the human characters deteriorating when afforded a glimpse of what exists outside their perceived reality.

There also exists the belief in jinns, spiritual beings that can have either positive or negative dispositions towards God and humans, and who at rare times intervene in human lives.

They lay it down as a principle, that the immediate cause of the smallpox exists in the mortal part of every human and animal form ; that the mediate ( or second ) acting cause, which stirs up the first, and throws it into a state of fermentation, is multitudes of imperceptible animalculae floating in the atmosphere ; that these are the cause of all epidemical diseases, but more particularly of the small pox.

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas ; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected ( both conceptually and in terms of human experience ) through a reorientation ( spiritualization ) of thought.

In addition, because we are finite beings, we cannot possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God, so we cannot know God exists, since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding.

For Marx, then, human nature — Gattungswesen, or species-being — exists as a function of human labour.

Multiple intelligences is an educational theory developed by psychologist Howard Gardner which suggests that different kinds of intelligence exists in human beings.

A second strand of Kaplanian theology exists, which makes clear that God has ontological reality, a real and absolute existence independent of human beliefs, while rejecting classical theism and any belief in miracles.

Objectivism's central tenets are that reality exists independent of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception, that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness ( or rational self-interest ), that the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans ' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form — a work of art — that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally.

God knowing the future does not determine it as his knowledge is not a deterministic process emanating from the past but rather a knowledge that exists in the present and future actualized by human free action.

Einstein responded by telegram: " I believe in Spinoza's God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings.

God then removed the memory of this event from the minds of Mankind ( leaving only an innate awareness that He exists and is One, known as the Fitra in Islam ) and He decreed at which point each and every human would be born into the physical world.

Propaganda has been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists.

The population and economic theorist Thomas Malthus argued that evil exists to spur human creativity and production.

Divested of this fiction, the theory that the soul exists prior to its infusion into the organism, while not explicitly reprobated, is obviously opposed to the doctrine of the Church, according to which souls are multiplied correspondingly with the multiplication of human organisms.

Although there may be disagreements as to whether a particular game qualifies as a wargame or not, a general consensus exists that all such games must explore and illuminate or simulate some feature or aspect of human behaviour directly bearing on the conduct of war, even if the game subject itself does not concern organized violent conflict or warfare.

There also exists within the West African Vodun tradition the zombi astral, which is a part of the human soul that is captured by a bokor and used to enhance the bokor's power.

Somewhere in the shades of the centuries between the fall of the Mycenaean civilization and the end of the Greek Dark Ages, the original Mycenean religion persisted and adapted until it finally emerged in the stories of human devotion, apostasy, and divine capriciousness that exists in the two great epic poems of Homer.

Because happiness is beyond anything physical, Plotinus stresses the point that worldly fortune does not control true human happiness, and thus “… there exists no single human being that does not either potentially or effectively possess this thing we hold to constitute happiness .” ( Enneads I. 4. 4 ) The issue of happiness is one of Plotinus ’ greatest imprints on Western thought, as he is one of the first to introduce the idea that eudaimonia ( happiness ) is attainable only within consciousness.

It was also subtly familiar, for it was the odor of the human body, but multiplied innumerable times because of the fact that the aborigines never bathed.

But to me Beckett's writing had seemed permeated with love for human beings and with a kind of humor that I could reconcile neither with despair nor with nihilism.

At the same time the multiple transvestitism involved -- the fat man as girl and as baby, as coquette pretending to be a baby -- touches for a moment horrifyingly upon the secret sources of a life like Jacoby's, upon the sinister dreams which form the sources of any human life.

Whitehead contends that the human way of understanding existence as a unity of interlocking and interdependent processes which constitute each other and which cause each other to be and not to be is possible only because the basic form of such an understanding, for all its vagueness and tendency to mistake the detail, is initially given in the way man feels the world.

In any social system in which communications have an importance comparable with that of production and other human factors, a point like f in Figure 2 would ( other things being equal ) be the dwelling place for the community leader, while e and h would house the next most important citizens.

and for this human beings must be firmly in control of the economics on which our society rests.

This text from Dr. Huxley is sometimes used by enthusiasts to indicate that they have the permission of the scientists to press the case for a wonderful unfoldment of psychic powers in human beings.

I use this term to mean three things: a search for the human significance of an event or state of affairs, a tendency to look at wholes rather than parts, and a tendency to respond to these events and wholes with feeling.

For them only a little more needed to be learned, and then all physical knowledge could be neatly sorted, packaged and put in the inventory to be drawn on for the solution of any human problem.

Childhood's End -- apparently indebted to Kurd Lasswitz's Utopian romance, Auf Zwei Planeten ( 1897 ), and also to Wells's Histories Of The Future, especially, The World Set Free ( 1914 ) and The Shape Of Things To Come ( 1933 ) -- describes the bloodless conquest of earth by the Overlords, vastly superior creatures who come to our world in order to prepare the human race for its next stage of development, an eventual merging with the composite mind of the universe.

With destructive tensions and pressures removed men have the vigor and energy to construct a new human life -- rebuilding entire cities, expanding facilities for entertainment, providing unlimited opportunities for education -- indeed, for the first time giving everyone the chance to employ his talents to the fullest.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Among the dystopias, for example, Isaac Asimov's The Caves Of Steel ( 1954 ) portrays the deadly effects on human life of the super-city of the future ; ;

In addition, there are many areas of the human situation besides the impact of science and technology which are examined, for science-fiction dystopias often extrapolate political, social, economic tendencies only indirectly related to science and technology.

If man is actually the product of his environment and if science can discover the laws of human nature and the ways in which environment determines what people do, then someone -- a someone probably standing outside traditional systems of values -- can turn around and develop completely efficient means for controlling people.

These lines never cease to haunt the book amidst all the exaltations of combat, and to make an appeal for a larger and more elemental human community than one based on the brutal necessities of war.

In that decade the partisan zeal to defend Mr. Hoover, and the party's failure to anticipate or cope with the depression, caused a great majority of Americans to see the Republican party as cold and lacking in any sympathy for the problems of human beings caught up in the distress and suffering brought on by the economic crash.

Provision for emergency toilet facilities and disposal of human wastes will be an unfamiliar problem.

When we consider the electronic industry potential for human betterment, the prospect is staggering.

Apparently, however, Miller has relied heavily on the anatomy in dogs and cats, and he has been criticized for using pathologic human material in his normal study ( Loosli, '38 ).

Recently, for example, a paranoid woman's large-scale philosophizing, in the session, about the intrusive curiosity which has become, in her opinion, a deplorable characteristic of mid-twentieth-century human culture, developed itself, before the end of the session, into a suspicion that I was surreptitiously peeking at her partially exposed breast, as indeed I was.

Moreover, it is too readily forgotten that in the Republic what gave the initial impetus to Plato's excursus into the construction of an imaginary commonwealth with its ruling-class communism of goods, wives, and children, was his quest for a canon for the proper ordering of the individual human psyche ; ;