Starting in 1991, the US Congress asked the Institute of Medicine to review the scientific literature on Agent Orange and the other herbicides used in Vietnam, including their active ingredients and the dioxin contaminant.

A review by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics ( for example, for depression, dementia, OCD, PTSD, Personality Disorders, Tourette's ) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and gastrointestinal problems.

# Class III devices generally require premarket approval ( PMA ) or premarket notification ( 510k ), a scientific review to ensure the device's safety and effectiveness, in addition to the general controls of Class I.

A review of all randomized controlled trials in the scientific literature by the Cochrane Collaboration published in JAMA in 2007 found that β-carotene increased mortality by something between 1 and 8 % ( Relative Risk 1. 05, 95 % confidence interval 1. 01-1. 08 ).

The various debates in the mainstream scientific literature prompted the editors of ' Proceedings of the IEEE ' to invite Robert Jahn, then Dean of the School of Engineering at Princeton University, to write a comprehensive review of psychic phenomena from an engineering perspective.

Though he valued first-hand experience as part of a proper education, he did not intend to found a professional school, but advocated instruction in useful knowledge that combined elements of both professional and liberal education, writing that " The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and operations in connection with physical laws.

The feasibility of the basic technologies analyzed in Nanosystems has been the subject of a formal scientific review by U. S. National Academy of Sciences, and has also been the focus of extensive debate on the internet and in the popular press.

In a 2002 review article in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of Harvard Medical School and a neurologist by training, wrote that " the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations.

or scientific peer review of journal articles, or to a secondary round of peer review for the clinical value of articles concurrently published in medical journals.

Although generally considered essential to academic quality, and used in most important scientific publications, peer review has been criticized as ineffective, slow, and misunderstood ( also see anonymous peer review and open peer review ).

Peer review has been a touchstone of modern scientific method only since the middle of the 20th century, the only exception being medicine.

Moreover, they further argued that scientific peer review does not necessarily detect intellectual fraud, viz.

As the first directors, Naville and Péret modeled the format of the journal on the conservative scientific review La Nature.

Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges.

Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, peer review process.

In the opinion of the authors of the review, the publication results suggest a period of " fashion " that waned, and that the two diagnoses " not command widespread scientific acceptance ".

As with most other professional scientific journals, articles undergo an initial screening by the editor, followed by peer review ( in which other scientists, chosen by the editor for expertise with the subject matter but who have no connection to the research under review, will read and critique articles ), before publication.

A Party of import may, at any time, in light of new scientific information, review and change a decision.

P. Schuyler Miller gave the book a favorable review as " a first-rate historical novel of the near future ," saying " So subtly has the scientific detail been interwoven with plot and action that the reader never realizes how painstakingly it has been worked out.

Normally this validation is achieved by the scientific method of hypothesis commitment, experimental design, peer review, adversarial review, reproduction of results, conference presentation and journal publication

A literature review by Michael McCullough and Camile Farah, published in the Australian Dental Journal in 2008, focused on a possible connection between mouthwashes that contain alcohol, and an increased risk of oral cancer.

In a 2011 review of the literature, fear and anxiety were said to be differentiated in four domains: ( 1 ) duration of emotional experience, ( 2 ) temporal focus, ( 3 ) specificity of the threat, and ( 4 ) motivated direction.

A review of both published and unpublished trials submitted to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) found that the published trials had a 94 % success in treating depression while the unpublished literature had below 50 % success.

A review seeking to identify the more consistent findings suggested several genes related to serotonin ( SLC6A4 and TPH2 ), dopamine ( DRD4 and SLC6A3 ), glutamate ( DAOA and DTNBP1 ), and cell growth and / or maintenance pathways ( NRG1, DISC1 and BDNF ), although noting a high risk of false positives in the published literature.

However, controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long-term use.

* Speleological Abstract ( SA / BBS ) Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.

* In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication, in their book Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, which includes 3000 + literature references.

His review of the literature on gay Christians suggests that these organizations not only represent the interests of Christians who attend their churches, but ( like gay-friendly and gay-affirming churches ) also give these members useful responses to homophobic and heterosexist rhetoric.

“ Health effects of Relocation following disasters: a systematic review of literature ”.

Zurich Dada, with Tzara at the helm, published the art and literature review Dada beginning in July 1917, with five editions from Zurich and the final two from Paris.

First, each group conducted an extensive literature review of their diagnoses.

Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as the systematic review of medical literature, meta-analysis, risk-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ), EBM aims for the ideal that healthcare professionals should make " conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence " in their everyday practice.

The second area is the systematic review of medical literature to evaluate the best studies on specific topics.

Meta-analysis, the combination of individual research results to produce a quantitative literature review, is another methodological innovation with a close association to educational psychology.

Today, meta-analysis is among the most common types of literature review found in educational psychology research.

A literature review of 44 papers states that cognitive abilities and school performance were shown to be impaired in sub-groups of patients ( with either cerebral malaria or uncomplicated malaria ) when compared with healthy controls.

A review of the literature regarding benzodiazepine hypnotic and Z drugs concluded that these drugs caused an unjustifiable risk to the individual and to public health, and lack evidence of long-term effectiveness due to tolerance.

Data is also limited with regard to long-term effects of nonbenzodiazepines ; further research into the safety and long-term effectiveness of nonbenzodiazepines has been recommended in a review of the literature.

Although it has previously been thought that morphine was contraindicated in acute pancreatitis, a review of the literature shows no evidence for this.

A 2006 report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, in their review of literature covering cohorts from many countries with a wide variety of demographics, concluded that there was no link between n − 3 fatty acids and cancer.

A systematic review of the literature related to PID treatment was performed prior to the 2006 CDC sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines.

The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study.