In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color, and gave drawings for each constellation, in his Book of Fixed Stars.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

Born near Damascus in Syria, Abd al-Rahman, grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, was the son of the Umayyad prince Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham and a Berber mother.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Abbasid agents closed in on Abd al-Rahman and his family while they were hiding in a small village.

Some histories indicate that Bedr met up with Abd al-Rahman at a later date.

Abd al-Rahman, Yahiya and Bedr quit the village narrowly escaping the Abbasid assassins.

Later, on the way south, Abbasid horsemen again caught up with the trio: Abd al-Rahman and his companions then threw themselves into the River Euphrates.

While trying to swim across the dangerous Euphrates, Abd al-Rahman is said to have become separated from his brother Yahiya, who began swimming back towards the horsemen, possibly from fear of drowning.

Al-Maqqari quotes prior Muslim historians as having recorded that Abd al-Rahman said he was so overcome with fear at that moment, that once he made the far shore he ran until exhaustion overcame him.

After barely escaping with their lives, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt.

Abd al-Rahman had to keep a low profile as he traveled.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri was the semi-autonomous governor of Ifriqiya ( roughly, modern Tunisia ) and a former Umayyad client.

Abd al-Rahman was only one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make their way to Ifriqiya at this time.

At the time, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr were keeping a low profile, staying in Kabylia, at the camp of a Nafza Berber chieftain friendly to their plight.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In 755, Abd al-Rahman and Bedr reached modern day Morocco near Ceuta.

Their next step would be to cross the sea to al-Andalus, where Abd al-Rahman could not have been sure whether or not he would be welcomed.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

Abu Bakr's full name was ' Abd Allah ibn ' Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka ' ab ibn Sa ' ad ibn Taym ( from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi ) ibn Murrah ibn Ka ' ab ibn Lu ' ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.

The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad ; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib ; the son of Abdul Muttalib ; the son of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf ; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab ; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah ; the son of Murrah.

Qasr Al Abd was built by the governor of Ammon in 200 BC

Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad ' Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (; 1162 – 1231 ), more commonly known as ' Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or ' Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

Although the Umayyads did not have a historical presence in the region ( no member of the Umayyad family was known to have ever set foot in al-Andalus before ) and there were grave concerns about young Abd al-Rahman's inexperience, several of the lower-ranking Yemenite commanders felt they had little to lose and much to gain, and agreed to support the prince.

Abd al-Rahman landed at Almuñécar in al-Andalus, to the east of Málaga, in September 755 ; however his landing site was unconfirmed.

Upon landing in al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman was greeted by clients Abu Uthman and Ibn Khalid and an escort of 300 cavalry.

One famous story which persisted through history related to a gift Abd al-Rahman was given while in Málaga.

The gift was a beautiful young slave girl, but Abd al-Rahman humbly returned her to her previous master.

This might have been fortunate timing for Abd al-Rahman, since he was still getting a solid foothold in al-Andalus.

Nevertheless, food was still scarce, and Abd al-Rahman's army suffered from hunger.

Al-Mansur hated, and yet apparently respected Abd al-Rahman to such a degree that he dubbed him the " Hawk of Quraysh " ( The Umayyads were from a branch of the Quraysh tribe ).

Musa's son, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, apparently married Egilona, Roderic's widow, and established his regional government in Seville.

After his grandfather Qusai ibn Kilab died his father Abd Manaf and his uncle ' Abd ad-Dar apparently quarreled, and the effects of this conflict continued among their descendants and affected the internal Makkah right up to Muhammad's time.

After Quṣayy's death Abd Manaf and his brother ' Abd ad-Dar apparently quarreled, and the effects of this conflict continued among their descendants and affected the internal Makkah right up to Muhammad's time.

To counter these reinforcements, Aiss sent his brother to request help from Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba, the only potential ally powerful enough to threaten the Franks.

At this point, ' Abd al-Malik and Fa ' iq ( to be joined later by Beektuzun ) attempted to gain enough momentum for a renewed offensive against Mahmud.

Despite such a tremendous victory, Abd al-Rahman had to continuously put down rebellions in al-Andalus.

In order to successfully rule in such a situation, Abd al-Rahman needed to create a reliable civil service and organize a standing army.

Though it was widely rumoured that he secretly protected Abd ar-Rahman, the latter was deported together with other local leaders ( such as Muslih al -' Azza of Bayt Jibrin ), but he managed to return to the area in 1848.

Abd al-Malik instituted many reforms such as:

Before taking power, the Arab Socialist Ba ' ath Party tried successfully to recruit military officers for the cause ; some, such as Hardan al-Tikriti were already Ba ' ath Party members, others, such as Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, the deputy head of the military intelligence and Ibrahim Daud, the commander of the Republican Guard, were not members.

In Murcia, a single surviving capitulation document must stand for many such agreements to render tribute in exchange for the protection of traditional liberties ; in it, Theodomirus ( Todmir in Arabic ), Visigothic count of Orihuela, agrees to recognize Abd al-Aziz as overlord and to pay tribute consisting of a yearly cash payment supplemented with specific agricultural products.

* regional attachments such as Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim's " Iraq first " policy ;

These acts have consistently been strongly opposed by Salafi scholars such as Sheikh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Sheikh Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen and Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz who had all issued fatawa ( religious verdicts ) forbidding suicide bombing declaring the act as being totally haram ( forbidden ).

Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as ' Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al -' Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did al-Jahiz in the following century.

Unlike many other authors, such as Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the work is entirely favourable to Musa.

Likewise Mahfouz sees the development of society has an important influence on the role of women, so he represents the traditional, obedient women who do not go to school such as Amina, Abd al-Jawad's wife, and her daughters in the first novel, women as students in the university such as Aida, Kamal's beloved, in the second novel, and women as students in the university, members of the Marxist party and editors of the journal of the party in the third novel.

Membership in this circle included such influential Iraqis as Mustafa Ali, Minister of Justice under Abd al-Karim Qasim, and Mahmoud Ahmad Al-Sayyid, considered Iraq ’ s first novelist.

Furthermore, Saud's forces brought the highlands of ' Asir under their suzerainty, while Muhammed bin Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad, by means of debate and scholarly work, to remove elements of polytheism which existed in their countries such as Iraq, Egypt, India, Yemen and Syria.

Various small shrines dot the area, such as the shrine of Abd as-Samad.

While the work of al-Alahijah was acceptable, others such as the poet Salih ibn ' Abd al-Quddus were executed for heresy.

Although these moves ended much opposition, some dissident leaders such as ' Abd al-Salam and Dan Tunku continued to cause early resistance to his rule.

Appointed physician to the caliph Abd ar-Rahman III ( 912-961 ), he, by his engaging manners, knowledge, character, and extraordinary ability, gained his master's confidence to such a degree that he became the caliph's confidant and faithful counselor.

It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt (), immortalized in the poetry of ` Antara ibn Shaddad, Tarafa ibn Al -` Abd, Bashar ibn Burd ( in his famous Ba ' yya ), and others.

According to the Institute of Ismaili Studies ( Ismailism is a branch of Shīʻa Islam ), " In mystical literature, such as the writings of al – Tirmidhi, Abd al – Razzaq and Ibn al –‘ Arabi ( d. 1240 ), or Kutb refers to the most perfect human being ( al – insan al – kamil ) who is thought to be the universal leader of all saints, to mediate between the divine and the human and whose presence is deemed necessary for the existence of the world.

They founded, alongside missionaries and imams such as Abu Abd Allah ash-Chi ' i and Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, the Fatimid dynasty, which eventually replaced the Arab emirate of the Aghlabids, who controlled Ifriqiya ( North Africa ) 800-909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.