Abstraction is a process by which higher concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal (" real " or " concrete ") concepts, first principles, or other methods.

Abstraction is frequently applied in linguistics so as to allow phenomena of language to be analyzed at the desired level of detail.

Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.

Abstraction is used to allow for vague answers to questions ( for example, answering " maybe " to a yes / no question ); this simplifies the problems making them amenable to automatic solutions.

Abstraction of computing processes is used in both the computer science and computer engineering disciplines and usually assumes discrete time paradigm.

Post-Painterly Abstraction is generally seen as continuing the Modernist dialectic of self-criticism.

On the other hand, for spatial and quality bitstream scalability ( i. e. the presence of a sub-bitstream with lower spatial resolution / quality than the main bitstream ), the NAL ( Network Abstraction Layer ) is removed from the bitstream when deriving the sub-bitstream.

His work is related to Tachisme, Abstract expressionism, and Lyrical Abstraction.

The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting.

Californian art from the 1950s through the 1970s is a particular strength, with artwork by Sam Francis, Richard Diebenkorn, Ronald Davis, Larry Bell, Edward Ruscha, Kenneth Price, Charles Arnoldi, and Ed Moses, Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction are represented by Ronald Davis, Sam Francis, Kenneth Noland, Ronnie Landfield, Frank Stella, Helen Frankenthaler, and Kenneth Showell.

Abstraction is contrasted with concretism.

* Abstraction is a luxury that has been left to the present day to exploit.

* Abstraction is the way to the heart — it is not the heart itself.

ARS based programming is built on three principles: Abstraction, Reference and Synthesis.

* The first part of the name refers to the core of the language, which is nothing else but A ++, i. e. Abstraction + Reference + Synthesis.

Included with the eCos distribution is RedBoot, an open source application that uses the eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer to provide bootstrap firmware for embedded systems.

Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalising it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.

Abstraction is an ongoing process in mathematics and the historical development of many mathematical topics exhibits a progression from the concrete to the abstract.

Although the term Color Field is associated with Clement Greenberg, Greenberg actually preferred to use the term Post-Painterly Abstraction.

Color Field painting is related to Post-painterly abstraction, Suprematism, Abstract Expressionism, Hard-edge painting and Lyrical Abstraction.

Another name for Tachism is Abstraction lyrique ( related to American Lyrical Abstraction ).

Abstraction is the thought process in which ideas are distanced from objects.

Abstraction operates in one of these functions when it excludes the simultaneous influence of the other functions and other irrelevancies, such as emotion.

He became an enthusiastic advocate of this style and wrote many works according to its principles, among them Transformation ( 1957, for jazz ensemble ), Concertino ( 1959, for jazz quartet and orchestra ; one of its movements, Progression in Tempo, has sometimes been performed separately ), Abstraction ( 1959, for nine instruments ), the opera The Visitation ( 1966 ), and Variants on a Theme of Thelonious Monk ( 1960, for 13 instruments ), which was recorded by Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, and Bill Evans.

He is considered one of the first color field painters and is one of the forerunners of Lyrical Abstraction.

), Idealization XI: Historical Studies on Abstraction, Poznań Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Vol.

), Idealization XI: Historical Studies on Abstraction, Atlanta-Amsterdam: Rodopi 2004, pp. 59 – 110.

Helion, however, clung to the belief that `` in escaping from the Stalag I had also escaped from Abstraction ''.

This gave her an opportunity to ring down the curtain with the petulant admonition that we should not presume to lecture her on Abstraction.

Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined ; thus effective communication about things in the abstract requires an intuitive or common experience between the communicator and the communication recipient.

Abstraction also arises in the relation between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Abstraction allows program designers to separate categories and concepts from instances of implementation, so that they do not depend on software or hardware.

Abstraction requires selective use of this structural split of abilities in the psyche.

In 1964 he was included in the exhibition Post-Painterly Abstraction curated by Clement Greenberg which traveled the country and helped to firmly establish Color Field painting as an important new movement in the contemporary art of the 1960s.

Clement Greenberg became the voice of post-painterly Abstraction when he curated an influential exhibition of new painting that toured important art museums throughout the United States in 1964.

Color Field painting, hard-edge painting and Lyrical Abstraction emerged as radical new directions.

Other architectures based on Hardware Abstraction Layer or exokernels could move the drivers out of the microkernel.

Machan has developed Rand's contextual conception of human knowledge ( while also drawing on the insights of J. L. Austin and Gilbert Harman ) in works such as Objectivity ( 2004 ), and David Kelley has explicated Rand's epistemological ideas in works such as The Evidence of the Senses ( 1986 ) and A Theory of Abstraction ( 2001 ).

Others include Abstraction Method and Dynamic Systems Development Method.

Wallis and Nelson ( 2001 ) first introduced what they called the 3A perspective: Annotation, Abstraction and Analysis.

* Abstraction consists of the translation ( mapping ) of terms in the scheme to terms in a theoretically motivated model or dataset.

Abstraction typically includes linguist-directed search but may include e. g., rule-learning for parsers.

His collection of American art was strong in Abstract expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Neo-Dada, Color Field, Lyrical Abstraction, and Neo-Expressionism and he often donated important works from his collection to institutions like MoMA, and other important private museums and University collections like the Norton Simon Museum, the Sheldon Museum of Art and the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University among many others.