According to Webster, the word's origin is Middle English, injury, from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin tortum, from Latin, neuter of tortus twisted, from past participle of torquēre

According to one theory, increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, as Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades which began in 1096 and the Islamic presence in Spain brought the knowledge of pointed arches to Medieval Europe.

According to an argument outlined by Maria Rosa Menocal in The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History, in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later.

Medieval alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan's Book of Stones According to the Opinion of Balīnās contains an exposition and analysis of views expressed in Arabic occult works attributed to Apollonius.

According to Peter Raedts, professor in Medieval History at the Radboud University of Nijmegen, there are only about 50 sources from the period that talk about the crusade, ranging from a few sentences to half a page.

According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century.

According to Medieval Roman Catholicism, sufficiently serious sins not only remove merit, but also extinguish sanctifying grace in the baptized believer's soul, which can be restored by the sacrament of penance.

According to " The Late Medieval Balkans " ( 1987 ) by John V. A.

According to Niels Lund, Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Copenhagen, Canute's abortive invasion of England " marked the end of the Viking Age.

According to an entry in the Annals of the Four Masters for AD 123, there were five principal highways () leading to Tara () in Early Medieval Ireland.

According to Karlheinz Stierle, English is what we might consider the current language of this sort of transmission, but “ what English is today ... Latin was in the first centuries after Christ .” In the way that politics and social issues move circulate around the world very often in English, these same concepts traveled along the developing roads from Greece and Italy to England during Medieval times.

According to the Dartmoor National Park, the word ' clapper ' derives ultimately from an Anglo-Saxon word, cleaca, meaning ' bridging the stepping stones '; the Oxford English Dictionary gives the intermediate Medieval Latin form clapus, claperius, " of Gaulish origin ", with an initial meaning of " a pile of stones ".

According to the 11th c. Lebor Gabála Érenn, the 14th c. Auraicept na n-Éces, and other Medieval Irish folklore, ogham was first invented soon after the fall of the Tower of Babel, along with the Gaelic language, by the legendary Scythian king, Fenius Farsa.

The Substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Proto-Australoids tribes called Kurukh, Oraon, Kukni, whose modern sepresentatives are Dravidian languages like Kurukh and its dialects like Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna and Malto According to the Indian Anthropological Society, these Australoid tribes speaking Dravidian languages once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan anymore Olivinho Gomes in his essay Medieval Konkani literature also mentions Mundari substratum.

According to Herman Pleij, Dreaming of Cockaigne: Medieval Fantasies of the Perfect Life ( 2001 ):

According to the Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature, the book " brings together what Capgrave felt were the most important events in world and later British history.

According to the legend, the Medieval count Ghisallo was being attacked by bandits when he saw an image of Virgin Mary at a shrine.

* Fredborg, Karin Margareta: Universal Grammar According to Some 12th-Century Grammarians, in Studies in Medieval Linguistic Thought, ed.

According to one version, its name derives from spears ( in Greek: " kontaria "), that were made in the region during the Medieval times.

According to the IRS, Medieval Times improperly deducted royalties, loan interest and management fees in the 1987 and 1989 tax years.

According to Landström, the Medieval galleys had no rams as boarding was considered more important method of warfare than ramming.

According to Medieval tradition, which survived up until the modern era, a bride would often be given a gift of linens made by the women in her family as a wedding present, to help her set up her new married home.

According to " The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest " ( 1994 ) by J. V. A.

According to Romans 9 – 11, supporters claim, Jewish election as the chosen people ceased with their national rejection of Jesus as Messiah.

According to Eusebius, the Jerusalem church was scattered twice, in AD70 and AD135, with the difference that from 70-130 the bishops of Jerusalem have evidently Jewish names, whereas after 135 the bishops of Aelia Capitolina appear to be Greeks.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia on David descendant Jehoash of Judah: In Rabbinical Literature: As the extermination of the male descendants of David was a divine retribution for the extermination of the priests because of David ( comp.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia Abiathar was deposed from office when he was deserted by the Holy Spirit without which the Urim and Thummin could not be consulted.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, " a comparison of the Masoretic text with the Septuagint throws some light on the last phase in the history of the origin of the Book of Jeremiah, inasmuch as the translation into Greek was already under way before the work on the Hebrew book had come to an end ...

According to Jewish tradition the author was Samuel himself, but this idea is no longer regarded as tenable.

According to Jewish tradition the author of Kings was Jeremiah, whose life overlapped the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.

According to Jewish and Christian traditions, authorship is assigned to the Prophet Jeremiah, who was ministering the Word of God during the conquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, during which the First Temple was destroyed and King Zedekiah was taken prisoner ( cf.

) According to the professional Jewish scribes, the Sopherim, the text of 1: 12 was changed from " You do not die " to " We shall not die.

According to the traditional Jewish interpretation of the Bible, Israel's character as the chosen people is unconditional, as it says in,

According to Howard Schwartz, " the myth of the fall of Lucifer " existed in fragmentary form in Isaiah 14: 12 and other ancient Jewish literature ; Schwartz claims that the myth originated from " the ancient Canaanite myth of Athtar, who attempted to rule the throne of Ba ' al, but was forced to descend and rule the underworld instead ".

According to Christian theologian Alister McGrath, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary Second Temple Judaism with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the messiah, with Isaiah 49: 6, " an explicit parallel to 42: 6 " quoted by Paul in Acts 13: 47 and reinterpreted by Justin the Martyr.

According to non-Orthodox Jews and critical historians, Jewish law too has been affected by surrounding cultures ( for example, some scholars argue that the establishment of absolute monotheism in Judaism was a reaction against the dualism of Zoroastrianism that Jews encountered when living under Persian rule ; Jews rejected polygamy during the Middle Ages, influenced by their Christian neighbors ).

According to Orthodox Jews too there are variations in Jewish custom from one part of the world to another.

According to the Bible, she was a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the large number of people claimed to have been killed by the Jews is an improbability ; " Perhaps the most striking point against the historical value of the Book of Esther is the remarkable decree permitting the Jews to massacre their enemies and fellow subjects during a period of two days.

The following arguments have been based on the content: ( 1 ) It is perceived to be theologically incompatible with Paul's other epistles: elsewhere Paul attributed Jesus's death to the " rulers of this age " ( 1 Cor 2: 8 ) rather than to the Jews, and elsewhere Paul writes that the Jews have not been abandoned by God for " all Israel will be saved " ( Rom 11: 26 ); According to 1 Thes 1: 10, the wrath of God is still to come, it is not something that has already shown itself ( 2 ) There were no extensive historical persecutions of Christians by Jews in Palestine prior to the first Jewish war ( 3 ) The use of the concept of imitation in 1 Thes.

According to a Jewish legend, one of the Essenes, named Menachem, had passed at least some of his mystical knowledge to the Talmudic mystic Nehunya ben HaKanah, to whom the Kabbalistic tradition attributes Sefer HaBahir and, by some opinions, Sefer HaKanah, Sefer HaPeliah and Sefer HaTemunah.

According to Capra biographer Joseph McBride, Capra " obviously felt a strong identification with the story of a Jewish immigrant who grows up in the ghetto of New York ... and feels he has to deny his ethnic origins to rise to success in America.

According to Jewish eschatology, the " higher Gan Eden " is called the " Garden of Righteousness ".

According to some Jewish religious traditions, Hebrew was the language of the creation.

According to Jewish esoteric teachings, the Hebrew letters are the lifeforce of all things created, determining their essence.

Since about the 3rd century CE, the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for “ in the year of the world ,” abbreviated AM or A. M .; Hebrew ), sometimes referred to as the “ Hebrew era .” According to Rabbinic reckoning, the beginning of " year 1 " is not Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ).

According to Finkelstein, this " Holocaust industry " has corrupted Jewish culture and the authentic memory of the Holocaust.

According to the biblical history, one of the first acts of Cyrus, the Persian conqueror of Babylon, was to commission the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple, a task which they are said to have completed c. 515.