Advocates of social promotion argue that promotion is done in order to not harm the students ' or their classmates ' self-esteem, to encourage socialization by age ( together with their age cohort ), to facilitate student involvement in sports teams, or to promote a student who is weak in one subject on the basis of strength in the other areas.

Advocates denounced the German government leaders who signed the Armistice on November 11, 1918, as the " November Criminals ".

Advocates of the German bow claim that it allows the player to apply more arm weight on the strings.

After a short residence at Heidelberg ( 1871 ), where he began his study of German philosophy, he returned to Edinburgh as assistant first to Henry Calderwood and later to A. Campbell Fraser ; he joined the staff of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 9th edition ) ( 1874 ) and studied widely in the Advocates ' Library.

Advocates have defined astrology as a symbolic language, an art form, a science, and a method of divination.

Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of command economies and centralized planning.

Advocates respond that it is difficult to undertake a comprehensive design effort in the absence of significant funding for such efforts, and that despite this handicap much useful design-ahead has nevertheless been accomplished with new software tools that have been developed, e. g., at Nanorex.

Advocates are often normal users who devote their spare time to advocacy of their operating system of choice ; many have a deep and abiding interest in the use, design and construction of operating systems and an emotional investment in their favourite operating system.

In December 2009, a 96-page report titled Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora, compiled by the Advocates for Human Rights, documented human rights violations against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the Abyssinian Empire under Haile Selassie, the Marxist Derg and the current Ethiopian government of the Ethiopian People ’ s Revolutionary Democratic Front ( EPRDF ), dominated by members of the Tigray People ’ s Liberation Front ( TPLF ) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20, 000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia.

Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world.

Advocates of Condorcet methods argue that a candidate can claim to have majority support only if they are the " Condorcet winner " – that is, the candidate who would beat every other candidate in a series of one-on-one elections.

Advocates of this philosophy point to the many well-known artists and intellectuals who have used drugs, experimentally or otherwise, with few detrimental effects on their lives.

Though a Segway-focused organization, Disability Rights Advocates for Technology, advocates for Segway PT sidewalk and facility access as an ADA issue, Segways cannot be marketed in the US as medical devices: they have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a medical device and Johnson & Johnson claims exclusive rights to the medical uses of the balancing technology found in the iBOT and Segway.

Advocates of the fuzzy logic approach have included K. F. Machina ( 1976 ) and Dorothy Edgington ( 1993 ).

Advocates of evidence-based medicine have used this as an example of the importance of basing health-care recommendations on statistical evidence, with one researcher estimating that as many as 50, 000 infant deaths in Europe, Australia, and the US could have been prevented had this advice been altered by 1970, when such evidence became available.

Advocates of local currency in effect argue that, in certain circumstances, an entire country is not an optimum currency area, and that various regions should have different currencies.

Advocates of counterfactual history often respond that all statements about causality in history contain implicit counterfactual claims — for example, the claim that a certain military decision helped a country win a war presumes that if that decision had not been made, the war would have been less likely to be won, or would have been longer.

Advocates for gays and lesbians have pointed to the inheritance rights of spouses as desirable for same-sex couples as well, through same-sex marriage or civil unions.

Advocates of indigenous rights have also criticized some of Toledo's efforts to jump-start the economy through investments, such as his support for the Camisea natural-gas project and other projects that involved exploring or developing natural resources.

Cockburn entered the Faculty of Advocates in 1800, and attached himself, not to the party of his relatives, who could have afforded him most valuable patronage, but to the Whig party, and that at a time when it held out few inducements to men ambitious of success in life.

Advocates of the former, the Normative Principle, argue that attributions of intentional idioms to physical systems should be the propositional attitudes that the physical system ought to have in those circumstances ( Dennett 1987, 342 ).

Advocates of BDSM have sought to distinguish themselves from widely held notions of antiquated psychiatric theory by the adoption of the initialized term, " BDSM " as a distinction from the now common usage of those psychological terms, abbreviated as " S & M ".

Advocates of the Paleolithic diet have argued that these components of agrarian diets promote vitamin and mineral deficiencies and may explain the development of the " diseases of civilization " as well as a number of autoimmune-related diseases.

The State Advocates have been instrumental in building communities of volunteers and educators, state-by-state.

In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U. S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.

Advocates of central bank independence argue that a central bank which is too susceptible to political direction or pressure may encourage economic cycles (" boom and bust "), as politicians may be tempted to boost economic activity in advance of an election, to the detriment of the long-term health of the economy and the country.

Advocates of political decentralization assume that decisions made with greater participation will be better informed and more relevant to diverse interests in society than those made only by national political authorities.

Advocates of cumulative voting often argue that political and racial minorities deserve better representation.

Advocates of abolitionism engaged in moral and political debates, and encouraged the creation of Free Soil states as Western expansion proceeded.

In 1987, Marshall Fritz, founder of the Advocates for Self-Government, tweaked the chart and added ten questions – which he called the World ’ s Smallest Political Quiz – which enabled people to plot themselves on the chart and discover where they fit on the political map.

Advocates of anarchism dispute the association of the book with anarchist political philosophy.

NCOD was founded in 1988 by Robert Eichberg, a psychologist from New Mexico and founder of the personal growth workshop, The Experience, and Jean O ' Leary, an openly-gay political leader from Los Angeles and then head of the National Gay Rights Advocates.

His target was Scottish political conservatism, in the form of the Faculty of Advocates, and he brought on young Whig advocates imbued with a due reverence for the law.

* NSPE ’ s Engineer Advocates program facilitates the involvement of engineers at the grassroots level of the political process.

Advocates of Pan-Africanism – i. e. “ Pan-Africans ” or “ Pan-Africanists ”-often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent.

Advocates of Third Position politics typically present themselves as " beyond left and right ", instead claiming to syncretize radical ideas from both ends of the political spectrum.

Advocates describe EDSA II as " popular " but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.

According to the Advocates, the quiz was designed primarily to be more accurate than the one-dimensional " left-right " or " liberal-conservative " political spectrum by providing a two-dimensional representation.

Advocates of a " culture of life " argue that a " culture of death " results in political, economic, or eugenic murder.

Advocates for causes across the political spectrum use this phrase in attempting to engage in persuasion, particularly by contrasting some situation which has been allowed to continue for pragmatic or social reasons, but which those advocating action regard as being wrong in principle.

Advocates of the anti-psychiatric world view such as David Cooper, R. D. Laing and Michel Foucault had ties with the political left of the 1960s ; Thomas Szasz, with the civil libertarians of the right, as well as an outspoken atheist.

Advocates of civilian control generally take a Clausewitzian view of war, emphasizing its political character.