Catalysts work by providing an ( alternative ) mechanism involving a different transition state and lower activation energy.

* Protected self-insurance is an alternative risk financing mechanism in which an organization retains the mathematically calculated cost of risk within the organization and transfers the catastrophic risk with specific and aggregate limits to an insurer so the maximum total cost of the program is known.

At present, it is not clear if all of these represent distinct reactions or merely alternative outcomes of a common mechanism.

An alternative anti-revolutionist view is that science as exemplified by Newton's Principia was anti-mechanist and highly Aristotelian, being specifically directed at the refutation of anti-Aristotelian Cartesian mechanism, as evidenced in the Principia quotations below, and not more empirical than it already was at the beginning of the century or earlier in the works of scientists such as Benedetti, Galileo Galilei, or Johannes Kepler.

The unanimous decision held that the state's prohibitions on same-sex marriage were a violation of rights granted by the Vermont Constitution and ordered the Vermont legislature to either allow same-sex marriages or implement an alternative legal mechanism according similar rights.

SAX provides a mechanism for reading data from an XML document that is an alternative to that provided by the Document Object Model ( DOM ).

The MX mechanism does not grant the ability to provide mail service on alternative port numbers, nor does it provide the ability to distribute mail delivery across a set of unequal-priority mail servers by assigning a weighting value to each one.

The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education.

At the same time Congress established the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ), whose legal and business experts could force business to agree to " consent decrees ", which provided an alternative mechanism to police antitrust.

An alternative to the matchlock in the earlier period was the wheellock mechanism.

According to Stephen Jay Gould, if Lamarck had been aware of Darwin's proposed mechanism of natural selection, there is no reason to assume he would not have accepted it as a more likely alternative to his own mechanism.

Note also that Darwin, like Lamarck, lacked a plausible alternative mechanism of inheritance-the particulate nature of inheritance was only observed by Gregor Mendel somewhat later, and published in 1866.

In order for their four-chambered heart to function more like the ectothermic heart, they adopted a mechanism for shunting blood in an alternative pathway through the heart.

Use of multiple promoters is properly described as a transcriptional regulation mechanism rather than alternative splicing ; by starting transcription at different points, transcripts with different 5 '- most exons can be generated.

He notes that a firm ’ s interactions with the market may not be under its control ( for instance because of sales taxes ), but its internal allocation of resources are: “ Within a firm, ... market transactions are eliminated and in place of the complicated market structure with exchange transactions is substituted the entrepreneur ... who directs production .” He asks why alternative methods of production ( such as the price mechanism and economic planning ), could not either achieve all production, so that either firms use internal prices for all their production, or one big firm runs the entire economy.

Notably, however, this mechanism only produces a specific subset of networks in the scale-free class, and many alternative mechanisms have been discovered since.

In computer operating systems, read-copy-update ( RCU ) is a synchronization mechanism implementing a kind of mutual exclusion which can sometimes be used as an alternative to a readers-writer lock.

There is no other alternative to the mechanism used by market to set or determine or measure value of various goods and services and therefore wealth.

Commemorative coins were a money raising mechanism that provided an alternative to raising taxes.

The distinctive feature of many BITs is that they allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whereby an investor whose rights under the BIT have been violated could have recourse to international arbitration, often under the auspices of the ICSID ( International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ), rather than suing the host State in its own courts.

The mechanism of heterozygote advantage assures the population of some alternative alleles at the locus or loci involved.

An alternative mechanism for the granulocytosis induced by glucocorticoids is an influx of PMNs from the intravascular marginated PMN pools.

This mechanism is intended as an alternative to the usual method of supplying electric power to a rotating device, which is to use slip rings.

While many indigenous Amazonian people say they received the instructions directly from plants and plant spirits, researchers have devised a number of alternative theories to explain its discovery.

Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models: they explain important features of the early universe, but could be replaced by alternative ideas without affecting the rest of the theory.

The standard interpretation of this temperature variation is a simple velocity redshift and blueshift due to motion relative to the CMB, but alternative cosmological models can explain some fraction of the observed dipole temperature distribution in the CMB.

Although the existence of dark matter is generally accepted by the mainstream scientific community, several alternative theories have been proposed to try to explain the anomalies for which dark matter is intended to account.

Though the theory of dark matter remains the most widely accepted theory to explain the anomalies in observed galactic rotation, some alternative theoretical approaches have been developed which broadly fall into the categories of modified gravitational laws and quantum gravitational laws.

In addition, the term is used in a broader sense to cover a world-view on a wide variety of topics, including chemical evolution as an alternative term for abiogenesis or for nucleosynthesis of chemical elements, galaxy formation and evolution, stellar evolution, spiritual evolution, technological evolution and universal evolution, which seeks to explain every aspect of the world in which we live.

" It is our job as Liberals to explain how we offer a real, principled and economically responsible alternative to the behemoths of conservatism and socialism.

Because of this the general public valued it more for its comic relief than anything else, however It did find an audience in the rational dissenters who found it an attractive alternative to explain human motivations without the attached superstitions of religion.

Standard interpretations of quantum mechanics explain this paradox as a fundamental property of the Universe, while alternative interpretations explain the duality as an emergent, second-order consequence of various limitations of the observer.

The initial hypothesis proposed the record may be RNA-based Since then, alternative models have been proposed which would explain the phenotype without requiring a new model of inheritance.

There is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of trobar as “ to compose, to discuss, to invent ”.

Further, partly in response to such criticisms, Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez, in 2000, proposed a cognitive science of mathematics that would explain mathematics as a consequence of, not an alternative to, the human reliance on conceptual metaphor to understand abstraction in terms of basic experiential concretes.

All these models hinge on a number of assumptions from such disparate research areas as submarine explosions, discharges in gases, and failure of transformers, so it is not surprising that alternative models have been proposed more recently in the literature trying to explain the EDM process.

Numerous alternative theories attempt to explain the term's origin:

Kember's liner notes explain that the alternative mixes represent the more multi-layered versions which he and Pierce agreed not to use because they would be unable to satisfactorily reproduce their sound live.

Along with the explanation provided for the Hubble's law and for the cosmic microwave background, this observation has proved very difficult for alternative theories to explain.

An alternative criticism has come from certain branches of New institutionalism who have sought to explain the increase in ICBs not by the ' rational ' argument outlined above, but as a process of symbolism, where governments will create ICBs because they are seen to be respectable institutions by other actors, particularly by foreign investors who, it is argued, will view a country with an ICB as a modern state worthy of investment.

The alternative myth, emanating from the defeated armed forces themselves ( who had to explain the debacle somehow ), held that it was the politicians who had " sold out " the simple, honor-bound soldiers by leading them precipitously to war and then not suitably equipping them to win it.

Nevertheless, the majority of transient lunar phenomenon reports are irreproducible and do not possess adequate control experiments that could be used to distinguish among alternative hypotheses to explain their origins.

Theories held by mainstream Egyptologists about the date of the construction of the Great Sphinx of Giza have been challenged and various alternative theories have been proposed – about the builder or the dating – to explain its construction.

From these observations, MBBK created an alternative hypothesis to explain the " puzzle " of how the codes were discovered.

During this alternative, Vic would introduce the round only for Bob to stop him and explain that the " Dove From Above " is on vacation, before following this up with " But we've got the next best thing !".

The self-perception theory was initially proposed as an alternative to explain the experimental findings of the cognitive dissonance theory, and there were debates as to whether people experience attitude changes as an effort to reduce dissonance or as a result of self-perception processes.