A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2: 1 ( as in water ); in other words, with the empirical formula.

( Some exceptions exist ; for example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, has the empirical formula C < sub > 5 </ sub > H < sub > 10 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub >.

If empirical data reach significance under the appropriate statistical formula, the research hypothesis is supported.

In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

The empirical formula is used as standard for most ionic compounds, such as CaCl < sub > 2 </ sub >, and for macromolecules, such as SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

Hexane's molecular formula is, and its empirical formula is, showing a C: H ratio of 3: 7.

Different compounds can have the same empirical formula.

For example, formaldehyde, acetic acid and glucose have the same empirical formula,.

The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was a challenge to determine.

Although charcoal's chemical formula varies, it can be best summed up by its empirical formula: C < sub > 7 </ sub > H < sub > 4 </ sub > O

Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains different between hydrocarbons ; in linear, or " straight-run " alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, the amount of bonded hydrogen lessens in alkenes and alkynes due to the " self-bonding " or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds.

A compound's empirical formula is the simplest integer ratio of the chemical elements that constitute it.

Also carbohydrates, for example, have the same ratio ( carbon: hydrogen: oxygen = 1: 2: 1 ) ( and thus the same empirical formula ) but different total numbers of atoms in the molecule.

The empirical formula is often the same as the molecular formula but not always.

Another of Gell-Mann's ideas is the Gell-Mann-Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula based on empirical results, but was later explained by the quark model.

Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same empirical formula, C < sub > 400 </ sub > H < sub > 620 </ sub > N < sub > 100 </ sub > O < sub > 120 </ sub > P < sub > 1 </ sub > S < sub > 1 </ sub >.

Its empirical formula is C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 15 </ sub > O < sub > 15 </ sub > P < sub > 3 </ sub >.

The total gas content by the in direct methods is based on the empirical formula given by Meinser and Kim.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ) is a quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material.

* empirical formula of pure materials

He also notes that the words in the Basic vocabulary were arbitrarily selected, and there have been no empirical studies showing that it makes language simpler.

The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles impossible and necessitates the use of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory.

Experimental philosophy is a form of philosophical inquiry that makes at least partial use of empirical research — especially opinion polling — in order to address persistent philosophical questions.

Nennius makes several attempts to trace the history of the Britons back to the Romans and Celts through his empirical observations of what he refers to as " The Marvels " or " Wonders of Britain ".

Dr. Ilan H. Meyer, Williams Senior Scholar of Public Policy at the UCLA School of Law and expert on minority stress, has found through several empirical studies that gays and lesbians encounter a disproportionate level of stress and mental health difficulties because of discrimination and oppressive laws, and that these stresses amplify the social stigma that makes them more susceptible to depression, suicide and substance abuse.

* The incidence of default is not a frequent phenomenon and makes it difficult for the investors to find the empirical data of a solvent company with respect to default.

Additionally, radical critics believe that the separation of fact from value makes the empirical study of politics impossible.

This makes talk about the empirical content of a single statement misleading.

Quine makes the case that the empirical study of physics has furnished apparently credible grounds for replacing classical logic by quantum logic, rather as Newtonian physics gave way to Einsteinian physics.

They are as follows: 1 ) the model doesn't adequately address the process of reflection ; 2 ) the claims it makes about the four learning styles are extravagant ; 3 ) it doesn't sufficiently address the fact of different cultural conditions and experiences ; 4 ) the idea of stages / steps doesn't necessarily match reality ; 5 ) it has only weak empirical evidence ; 6 ) the relationship between learning processes and knowledge is more complex than Kolb draws it.

He also makes a distinction between " leavetakers " and " apostates ", asserting that despite the popular literature and lurid media accounts of stories of " rescued or recovering ' ex-cultists '", empirical studies of defectors from NRMs " generally indicate favorable, sympathetic or at the very least mixed responses toward their former group ".

However, empirical research makes a strong case that time inconsistency is, in fact, standard in human preferences.

Hommes also makes a further distinction between internal correctness ( empirical, syntactical and semantic quality ) and external correctness ( validity.

Forester's view has drawn criticism ; urban planning professor John Pucher writes that " although Forester makes a number of theoretical arguments why bikeways are unsafe, his empirical test of the superiority of vehicular cycling is based on a sample of one — a single bike ride he took on a new bike path in Palo Alto, California.

Experimental philosophy is an emerging field of philosophical inquiry that makes use of empirical data — often gathered through surveys which probe the intuitions of ordinary people — in order to inform research on philosophical questions.

This totally empirical presentation multiplies the time necessary to follow Brugmann's argument, but makes the effort all the more fruitful.

The dissection of scientific theory, the examination of a theory from the vantage-points of language, epistemology, and ethics, is itself a distinct contribution to knowledge, no less so because of its removal from empirical research.

Almost no empirical work has been done on the problem of alienation.

While the `` empirical psychoanalytic '' label which Fromm claims sheds no light on the validity of his underlying philosophy, it does increase the marketability of his product.

Basing action on the empirical determination of cause and effect provides a toughness and bravado that no powerful otherworldly ancestor could ever impart -- plus the added liberation from the constraint of silent burial urns.

After 25 years of parapsychological research, Susan Blackmore came to the conclusion that there is no empirical evidence for an afterlife.

Methods that do not include any empirical or semi-empirical parameters in their equations – being derived directly from theoretical principles, with no inclusion of experimental data – are called ab initio methods.

The main challenge in this research is the lack of empirical data: spoken language leaves practically no traces.

Clark L. Hull, probably the first major empirical researcher in the field, wrote If a subject after submitting to the hypnotic procedure shows no genuine increase in susceptibility to any suggestions whatever, there seems no point in calling him hypnotised ...

Typical applications of the law also generally assume no bias in the underlying probability distribution, which is frequently at odds with the empirical evidence.

A 2001 empirical study found that there is " no evidence that minimum wages reduce training, and little evidence that they tend to increase training.

The American Psychological Association has said that while there are differences in average IQ between racial groups, and there is no conclusive evidence for environmental explanations, " there is certainly no empirical support for a genetic interpretation ," and no adequate explanation for the racial IQ gap is presently available.

There is a continuum from the most theoretical to the most empirical scientists with no distinct boundaries.

Worley discounted concerns that Wright was pursuing his own interests and wrote of it: "' Twelve Years ' is convincingly Northup's tale and no one else's because of its amazing attention to empirical detail and unwillingness to reduce the complexity of Northup's experience to a stark moral allegory.

This council officially approved use of the term " transubstantiation " to express the Catholic Church's teaching on the subject of the conversion of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist, with the aim of safeguarding Christ's presence as a literal truth, while emphasizing the fact that there is no change in the empirical appearances of the bread and wine.

A TIA may be prevented by changes in lifestyle ; although most of these recommendations have no solid empirical data, most medical professionals believe them to be so.

:" The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science.

have suggested there is no actual empirical evidence linking early trauma to dissociation, and instead suggest that problems with neuropsychological functioning, such as increased distractibility in response to certain emotions and contexts, account for dissociative features.

( the only exceptions being the Cod Wars, the Turbot War and Operation Fork — all of which had no casualties ) Jack Levy ( 1988 ) made an oft-quoted assertion that the theory is " as close as anything we have to an empirical law in international relations ".

While diversity in degree of decentralization across the world is a fact yet there is no consensus in the empirical literature over the questions like ‘ which country is more decentralized ?’ This is because decentralization is defined and measured differently in different studies ( Sharma, 2006 ).

Several different triggers for imprinting upon a particular sexual orientation have been proposed, but there is no empirical evidence to support any of them.