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An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i. e. forming an endosymbiosis ( Greek: ἔνδον endon " within ", σύν syn " together " and βίωσις biosis " living ").
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endosymbiont and is
All chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event ( in the Archaeplastida ), except for Paulinella chromatophora, which has recently acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont which is not closely related to chloroplasts of other eukaryotes.
Many instances of endosymbiosis are obligate ; that is, either the endosymbiont or the host cannot survive without the other, such as the gutless marine worms of the genus Riftia, which get nutrition from their endosymbiotic bacteria.
Living intermediates show that the evolution proposed by the endosymbiont theory is possible.
Sodalis glossinidius is a secondary endosymbiont tsetse flies that lives inter-and intracellularly in various host tissues, including the midgut and hemolymph.
M. genitalium is the smallest known genome that can constitute a cell, and the second-smallest bacterium after the endosymbiont Carsonella ruddii.
* There is also recent evidence that the adzuki bean beetle has somehow acquired genetic material from its ( non-beneficial ) endosymbiont Wolbachia.
This protozoan lacks mitochondria, although the discovery of the presence of mitochodrial remnants ( organelles ) in one recent study " indicate that Giardia is not primitively amitochondrial and that it has retained a functional organelle derived from the original mitochondrial endosymbiont ".
It is not the nematode, but its endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis, that causes the severe inflammatory response that leaves many blind.
The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Miklós Müller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote ( an archaea ), giving rise to a symbiotic association of two cells from which the first eukaryotic cell could have arisen.
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life without causing apparent disease.
One strain of Oceanospirillales is an endosymbiont of the Osedax worms.
Wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular bacterium that is an endosymbiont of Dirofilaria immitis.
Many Camponotus species are also infected with Wolbachia, another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups.
Buchnera aphidicola a member of the Proteobacteria, is the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and has been studied in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
endosymbiont and within
As a result, the host favors endosymbiont ’ s growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells.
The second membrane presents a barrier between the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and the primary endosymbiont or chloroplast, which represents the next two membranes, within which the thylakoid membranes are found.
Thus far ten microbial organisms have been identified within these psyllids, among them the primary endosymbiont, whose genome has been sequenced and posted at the NCBI database, as well as a Wolbachia species.
endosymbiont and .
Among primary endosymbionts of insects, the best studied are the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) and its endosymbiont Buchnera sp.
APS, the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans and its endosymbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis and the endosymbiotic protists in lower termites.
During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont.
Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host ’ s lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont – the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size.
More recent phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes provided evidence for a prasinophyte-like endosymbiont in the common ancestor of chromalveolates as supported by the fact the 70 % of diatom genes of Plantae origin are of green lineage provenance and that such genes are also found in the genome of other stramenopiles.
As an endosymbiont evolves into an organelle, most of their genes are transferred to the host cell genome.
Many originate from the bacterial endosymbiont.
This may be interpreted as suggesting that the ancestral heterokont was an alga, and all colorless groups arose through loss of the secondary endosymbiont and its chloroplast.
All described genera of thrips are haplodiploid organisms capable of parthenogenesis, with some favoring arrhenotoky and others displaying thelytoky, although it remains possible that the sex-determining bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia may also play a role in defining sex-ratios for some populations of thrips.
endosymbiont and living
According to the endosymbiont theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living organisms that were each taken up by a eukaryotic cell.
is and any
That, at any rate, is what happens at the Khaju bridge.
The sequence of movements in a Cunningham dance is unlike any sequence to be seen in life.
The sequence is determined by chance, and Mr. Cunningham makes use of any one of several chance devices.
If a work is divided into several large segments, a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance.
So great a man could not but understand, too, that the thing that moves men to sacrifice their lives is not the error of their thought, which their opponents see and attack, but the truth which the latter do not see -- any more than they see the error which mars the truth they themselves defend.
As Lipton puts it: `` The Eros is felt in the magic circle of marijuana with far greater force, as a unifying principle in human relationships, than at any other time except, perhaps, in the mutual metaphysical orgasms.
it is a spectacle absolutely painful, an epiphany of the suffering flesh unredeemed by spirit, untouched by any spirit other than abasement and humiliation.
Piepsam is not, certainly, religious in any conventional sense.
By `` image '' is meant not only a visual presentation, but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith.
In this respect experience is broader and full of a richer variety of potential meanings than the mind of man or any of his arts or culture are capable of making clear and distinct.
It is true that New England, more than any other section, was dedicated to education from the start.
The monitoring is the highest and most restrictive of any organization in existence.
That is to say Gabriel's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more.
In any event, whether society may have cancer, or merely a virus infection, the `` disease '', we shall find, is political, economical, social, and even medical.
So in these pages the term `` technology '' is used to include any and all means which could amplify, project, or augment man's control over himself and over other men.
Hence, the only defensible procedure is to repress any and every notion, unless it gives evidence that it is perfectly safe.
Assuredly in our political campaigns there is freedom to think, to examine any and all issues, and to speak without restraint.
The portrait that had developed, fragmentarily but consistently, was the portrait of a man to whom serious thinking is alien enough that the making of a decision inhibits, when it does not forestall, any ability to review the decision in the light of new evidence.
The best gifts of the novelist will be wasted on the reader who is insulated against any surprises the novelist may have in store for him.
The young William Faulkner in New Orleans in the 1920's impressed the novelist Hamilton Basso as obviously conscious of being a Southerner, and there is no evidence that since then he has ever considered himself any less so.
It may be that in this comment he has broken from the conventional pattern more violently than in any other regard, for the treatment in his books is far removed from even the genial irony of Ellen Glasgow, who was the only important novelist before him to challenge the conventional picture of planter society.
One thing you can say about Mr. Lyford is that he does not suffer from any insecurity as an American.
But that one should superimpose all these charts, run a pin through the common point, and then scale each planetary deferent larger and smaller ( to keep the epicycles from ' bumping ' ), this is contrary to any intention Ptolemy ever expresses.
In any case but the last, such a course is sure to avenge itself upon the individual ; ;
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