Aramaic primacists question why the New Testament would quote from the Hebrew Old Testament and not from the Septuagint if it was written in Greek originally.

Another point of difference was the use of Hebrew and Aramaic words.

Gundeshapur became the focal point of the combination of Greek and Indian sciences along with Persian and Aramaic traditions.

Many scholars suggest that they may have actually had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the work — but one should be aware of a " creeping Aramaicism ", finding evidence for a vaguely Aramaic text when there is nothing definite to point to.

Upon his death in 323 BC this area became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire, at which point Greek replaced Aramaic as the official language of Empire.

There are occasional quotations from older works in other dialects of Aramaic, such as Megillat Taanit.

Here, a teaching from the Baraita is usually introduced by the Aramaic word " Tanya " (" It was orally taught ") or by " Tanu Rabanan " (" Our Rabbis have orally taught "), whereas " Tnan " (" We have orally taught ") introduces quotations from the Mishnah.

That the two quotations go back to the original Aramaic version of Mark, which served as a source for the canonical Mark, but also the Gospel of Saint John.

As shown by the numerous quotations in the New Testament books and other Christian writings of the 1st centuries, early Christians generally used and revered the Jewish Bible as Scripture, mostly in the Greek ( Septuagint ) or Aramaic ( Targum ) translations, much of which is written in narrative form where " in the biblical story God is the protagonist, Satan ( or evil people / powers ) are the antagonists, and God ’ s people are the agonists ".

Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia are descended from the Brahmi script, which is often believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.

Similarly, around the 3rd century BC, the Brāhmī script developed ( from the Aramaic abjad, it has been hypothesized ).

The Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinctive from it by the 8th century BCE.

Writing systems that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels ( like the Aramaic one ) or indicate them with added diacritical signs, have been called abjads by Peter T. Daniels to distinguish them from later alphabets, such as Greek, that represent vowels more systematically.

A group of thirty Aramaic documents from Bactria have been recently discovered.

Since the evolution of the Aramaic alphabet out of the Phoenician one was a gradual process, the division of the world's alphabets into those derived from the Phoenician one directly and those derived from Phoenician via Aramaic is somewhat artificial.

In general, the alphabets of the Mediterranean region ( Anatolia, Greece, Italy ) are classified as Phoenician-derived, adapted from around the 8th century BCE, while those of the East ( the Levant, Persia, Central Asia and India ) are considered Aramaic-derived, adapted from around the 6th century BCE from the Imperial Aramaic script of the Achaemenid Empire.

The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets, as they stood by the Roman era, were little changed in style from the Imperial Aramaic alphabet.

The Old Turkic script evident in epigraphy from the 8th century likely also has its origins in the Aramaic script.

Redrawn from A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, Franz Rosenthal ; forms are as used in Egypt, 5th century BCE.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

An abbey ( from Latin abbatia, derived from Latin language abbatia, from Latin abbās, derived from Aramaic language abba, " father ") is a Catholic monastery or convent, under the authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves as the spiritual father or mother of the community.

This word is usually conceded to be derived from the Hebrew ( Aramaic ), meaning " Thou art our father " ( אב לן את ), and also occurs in connection with Abrasax ; the following inscription is found upon a metal plate in the Carlsruhe Museum:

The Aramaic gave rise to Hebrew.

The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet, but because these writing systems are largely consonant-based they are often not considered true alphabets.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound, continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.

In the Middle East, Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew and Nabataean abjads, which retained many of the Aramaic letter forms.

However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic and Avestan, are " impure " abjads, that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

Its widespread usage led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing the Hebrew language.

Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet.

Due to the near-identity of the Aramaic and the classical Hebrew alphabets, Aramaic text is mostly typeset in standard Hebrew script in scholarly literature.

He heard a voice in the Hebrew language ( probably Aramaic ): " Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur ( Akkadian: ; Aramaic: ; Hebrew: ; Arabic: ).

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

* Bar, a patronymic prefix in Aramaic and Hebrew

It is called the Hebrew Bible in some scholarly editions, even though it is not written entirely in Hebrew, but in Hebrew and Aramaic.

The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox receive several additional books in to their canons based upon their presence in manuscripts of the ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, the Septuagint ( although some of these books, such as Sirach and Tobit, are now known to be extant in Hebrew or Aramaic originals, being found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls ).

The Septuagint version appears to agree more with the Qumran fragments rather than the Hebrew / Aramaic Masoretic text reflected in modern translations.

Christians accept the Written Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible as Scripture, although they generally give readings from the Koine Greek Septuagint translation instead of the Biblical Hebrew / Biblical Aramaic Masoretic Text.

* Genesis in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, Latin, and English – The critical text of the Book of Genesis in Hebrew with ancient versions ( Masoretic, Samaritan Pentateuch, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, Peshitta, Septuagint, Vetus Latina, Vulgate, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion ) and English translation for each version in parallel.

The Masoretic text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint or ( LXX ), the Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targums, and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome were all consulted for the Old Testament.

The language of the Masoretic notes is primarily Aramaic but partly Hebrew.

The Aramaic Targums, paraphrase-translations of the Hebrew Bible for use in Palestinian synagogues, contain several expansions and additional references to " the kingdom of God " not emphasized in the Hebrew Masoretic Text.

In addition to the Masoretic Text, the translators also made use of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint, the Aramaic Targums, and the Syriac Peshitta.

The diphthongal vowel of Masoretic or would not have been present in Hebrew / Aramaic pronunciation during this period, and some scholars believe some dialects dropped the pharyngeal sound of the final letter ` ayin, which in any case had no counterpart in ancient Greek.