The Buddhist Madhyamaka philosopher, Chandrakirti, used the aggregate nature of objects to demonstrate the lack of essence in what is known as the sevenfold reasoning.

Basic English, also known as Simple English, is an English-based controlled language created ( in essence as a simplified subset of English ) by linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for teaching English as a Second Language.

The philosopher and astronomer Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra ( c. 1140 ) established the symmetry of binomial coefficients, while a closed formula was obtained later by the talmudist and mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( better known as Gersonides ), in 1321.

The first influential philosopher to discuss this question specifically was Descartes, and the answer he gave is known as Cartesian dualism.

September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914 ) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as " the father of pragmatism ".

He was known as the " weeping philosopher " and died of hydropsy, a swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.

A 2nd century CE Greek known as Heraclitus the paradoxographer --- not to be confused with the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus --- claimed Euhemeristically that Cerberus had two pups which were never away from their father, as such Cerberus was in fact a normal ( however very large ) dog but artists incorporating the two pups into their work made it appear as if his two children were in fact extra heads.

* Avram Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ), American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political activist, author, lecturer, professor emeritus at < font color = 0 > MIT, known for early work in < font color = 0 > transformational grammar and < font color = 0 > A. I.

He is also known for his involvement in the expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by Coptic monks.

David Hume ( 25 August 1776 ) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

He is well known for debating the existence of God with Bertrand Russell in a celebrated 1948 BBC broadcast ; the following year he debated logical positivism and the meaningfulness of religious language with his friend the analytic philosopher A. J. Ayer.

100 BCE ), Indian philosopher, reputed author of a collection of tales known in Europe as The Story of the Seven Wise Masters.

Friedrich August Hayek CH (; 8 May 189923 March 1992 ), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek, was a British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus ( AD 129 –), better known as Galen of Pergamon ( modern-day Bergama, Turkey ), was a prominent Roman ( of Greek ethnicity ) physician, surgeon and philosopher.

The Greek philosopher Democritus ( 450 – 370 BC ) proposed that the bright band on the night sky known as the Milky Way might consist of distant stars.

(; ) ( 1098 – 17 September 1179 ), also known as Saint Hildegard, and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, Benedictine abbess, visionary, and polymath.

Later he was referred to as the " weeping philosopher ," as opposed to Democritus, who is known as the " laughing philosopher.

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

Borden Parker Bowne, a philosopher at Boston University, a founder and popularizer of personal idealism, presented it as a substantive reality of persons, the only reality, as known directly in self-consciousness.

John Locke FRS (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 ), widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.

Julian (, ; 331 / 332 – 26 June 363 ), commonly known as Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.

Saint Thomas Aquinas of Aquin, or Aquino ( c. 1225 – 7 March 1274 ) was a philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as " Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis ".

John Wycliffe (; also spelt Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe ) ( c. 1320 – 31 December 1384 ) was an English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, translator, reformer and university teacher at Oxford in England, who was known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century.

In 1803 Oersted returned to Copenhagen and applied for the university's chair in physics but was rejected because he was probably considered more a philosopher than a physicist.

Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained " Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety, described anxiety or dread associated with the " dizziness of freedom " and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing.

The philosopher Mencius once criticized its chief proponent Xu Xing ( 許行 ) for advocating that rulers should work in the fields with their subjects.

* Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer famous for his libertine sexuality and lifestyle.

In his Critique of Pure Reason, German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God's existence arises from reason alone.

If he himself philosopher did not exist, he would not be there to ask questions about the nature of reality ... on the other hand, this fundamental fact, which we call existence, soon proves a rather barren topic for philosophic speculation ...

Later, when Watterson was creating names for the characters in his comic strip, he allegedly decided upon Calvin ( after the Protestant reformer John Calvin ) and Hobbes ( after the social philosopher Thomas Hobbes ) as a " tip of the hat " to the political science department at Kenyon.

In " The Complete Calvin And Hobbes ," Watterson does not name the inspiration for Calvin's character, but he does say Calvin is named for " a 16th-century theologian who believed in predestination ," and Hobbes for " a 17th-century philosopher with a dim view of human nature.

Conversely, in more recent times, Russian existentialist philosopher Lev Shestov viewed Job as the embodiment of the battle between reason ( which offers general and seemingly comforting explanations for complex events ) and faith in a personal god, and one man's desperate cry for him.

One of them, Frederick Billings, thought of the lines of the Anglo-Irish Anglican Bishop George Berkeley, ' westward the course of empire takes its way ,' and suggested that the town and college site be named for the eighteenth-century Anglo-Irish philosopher.

Hedonism, for example, teaches that this feeling is pleasure — either one's own, as in egoism ( the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ), or everyone's, as in universalistic hedonism, or utilitarianism ( the 19th-century English philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick ), with its formula of the " greatest pleasure of the greatest number.

Despite condemning the ' Mahometans ' as infidels, he viewed the protagonist of the novel, Hayy, as a model for his ideal Christian philosopher and monotheistic scientist '.

In answering the question " What do Jews think of Jesus ", philosopher Milton Steinberg claims, for Jews, Jesus cannot be accepted as anything more than a teacher.

For example, philosopher John D. Kenyon writes: Reason might manage to raise a doubt about the truth of a conclusion of natural inductive inference just for a moment in the study, but the forces of nature will soon overcome that artificial skepticism, and the sheer agreeableness of animal faith will protect us from excessive caution and sterile suspension of belief.

He had already shown a strong inclination for natural science, and this had been fostered by his intimacy with a " self-taught philosopher, astronomer and mathematician ," as Sir Walter Scott called him, of great local fame — James Veitch of Inchbonny — a man who was particularly skillful in making telescopes.