This problem usually determines the lower limit of loop gain rather than response time.

In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.

A further problem occurs when, after hearing his partner's response, the player who bid 4NT wants to stop in 5NT — as this is a forcing bid asking for Kings.

For example, an externalist response to the Gettier problem is to say that, in order for a justified true belief to count as knowledge, it must be caused, in the right sort of way, by relevant facts.

Another response to the regress problem is coherentism, which is the rejection of the assumption that the regress proceeds according to a pattern of linear justification.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

In a digital implementation, the number of computations performed per sample is proportional to N. Thus the mathematical problem is to obtain the best approximation ( in some sense ) to the desired response using a smaller N, as we shall now illustrate.

Later, the term acquired a broader meaning in philosophy, where it is formulated as the problem of limiting the beliefs that have to be updated in response to actions.

Lesbian subculture developed in response to the categorization of lesbianism as a medical problem by sexologist s such as Havelock Ellis.

In response to this problem, the kings tried to centralize power over time ; but they lost control over Spoleto and Benevento definitively in the attempt.

In response to this problem, some LED lighting systems have been designed with an added heating circuit at the expense of reduced overall electrical efficiency of the system ; additionally, research has been done to develop heat sink technologies that will transfer heat produced within the junction to appropriate areas of the luminaire.

The original computer now knows the answer to that smaller problem based on the second computer's response, and can transmit a fresh packet embodying a different sub-problem.

In response, Sokal said that their response illustrated the problem he highlighted.

A common response to instances of the evidential problem is that there are plausible ( and not hidden ) justifications for God ’ s permission of evil.

In that case, the theist appears to face a dilemma: either to accept that both sets of responses are equally bad, and so that the theist does not have an adequate response to the problem of evil ; or to accept that both responses are equally good, and so to consider the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnimalevolent being as plausible.

Following the Holocaust, a number of Jewish theologians developed a new response to the problem of evil, sometimes called anti-theodicy, which maintains that God cannot be meaningfully justified.

A theodicy is a response to the evidential problem of evil, the challenge that the occurrence of evil in the world counts as evidence against the existence of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent deity, making God's existence unlikely.

As a response to the problem of evil, a theodicy is distinct from a defence.

Leibniz's Théodicée was a response to skeptical Protestant philosopher Pierre Bayle, who wrote in his work Dictionnaire Historique et Critique that, after rejecting three attempts to solve it, he saw no rational solution to the problem of evil.

In 1998, Jewish theologian Zachary Braiterman coined the term anti-theodicy in his book ( God ) After Auschwitz to describe Jews, both in a Biblical and post-Holocaust context, whose response to the problem of evil is protest and refusal to investigate the relationship between God and suffering.

As an alternative to a theodicy, a defence may be offered as a response to the problem of evil.

Rawlin's strategy in making this response was that if Forney had real influence over the matter, he could facilitate a legislative change to solve the problem.

One response to the problem is to accept its demands.

However, diabetes insipidus is either a problem with the production of antidiuretic hormone ( central diabetes insipidus ) or kidney's response to antidiuretic hormone ( nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ), whereas diabetes mellitus causes polyuria via a process called osmotic diuresis, due to the high blood sugar leaking into the urine and taking excess water along with it.

In response, the IDF launched Operation Litani three days later, with the goal of taking control of Southern Lebanon up to the Litani River.

They argue that the IDF is far more likely to shoot the darker skinned Palestinian civilians than white western looking activists, given the difference in international response.

" In response, the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) launched a military offensive into Lebanon.

On June 27, in response to Hamas ' kidnapping of Corporal Gilad Shalit, the IDF started an offensive in the Gaza Strip to repel the continuous rockets being fired into the Israeli town outside of Gaza and to pressure Hamas to release Shalit.

* May 18: In response to previous attack on Israeli troops at the Gaza Strip, the IDF launches Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) with a stated aim of striking the terror infrastructure of Rafah, destroying smuggling tunnels, and stopping a shipment of SA-7 missiles and improved anti-tank weapons.

In response, the IDF launched Operation Litani three days later, with the goal of taking control of Southern Lebanon up to the Litani River.

In response to the group's contentions regarding the checkpoints, the IDF has implemented training procedures intended to ensure respectful behavior by soldiers.

Machsom Watch was founded in 2001 by Ronnee Jaeger, previously a human-rights worker in Guatemala and Mexico ; Adi Kuntsman, who arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union in 1990 ; and Yehudit Keshet, a former Orthodox Jew and scholar of Talmudic ethics, in response to allegations of human-rights violations at IDF and border-police checkpoints.

On May 27, 1973, the IDF announced a state of emergency and reserve troops were called up in response to a movement of Egyptian troops.

In response, the Cuban Communist Party formed hundreds of " rapid-action brigades " to confront protesters.

In response, he, John Herschel, George Peacock, and several other friends formed the Analytical Society in 1812.

As people are trained and agree to join the community emergency response effort, a CERT is formed.

Units of volunteers, formed in response to this call, assumed limited policing functions.

The group formed in response to several reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ).

The group was formed in 1989 response to several reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ).

An important consideration, dictating the level at which cellular signal transduction pathways are activated in response to a hormonal signal, is the effective concentration of hormone-receptor complexes that are formed.

In response, Army Group Upper Rhine ( Heeresgruppe Oberrhein ) group was formed to engage the advancing U. S. 7th Army ( under command of General Alexander Patch ) and French 1st Army ( led by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny ) in the Alsace region along the west bank of the Rhine.

The short-lived utopia-like Lowell System was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain.

ICANN was formed in response to this policy.

In response, the real Luthor took on the identity of Mockingbird and formed the third incarnation of the Secret Six in order to counter Alexander's organization.

In response to this, a Standing Committee on the Preservation of Research Library Materials was formed by the Association of Research Libraries ( ARL ) in 1960.

It is thought that these circles may have been formed In response to Dianic Wicca.

These groups formed the National Unity Front in response to a fatal shooting on April 19, 1963, by one of Shaykh Ahmad ibn Ali's nephews.

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ( 9 / 11 Commission ), chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, was formed in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for, and the immediate response to, the attacks.

The German forces formed similar troops of their own in response to this.

In response to this trend, two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of homosexuals and provide social opportunities where gays and lesbians could socialize without fear of being arrested.

Most intentional communities attempting to create an economic utopia were formed in response to the harsh economic conditions of the 19th century.

On September 13, 2001, just two days after the September 11 attacks and in response to what they saw as ambiguous statements about U. S. intervention in Afghanistan by the Libertarian National Committee, party members formed Libertarians for Peace to encourage the party to continue promoting a consistent non-interventionist position.

The UAP was formed in 1931 by Labor dissidents and a conservative coalition as a response to the more radical economic proposals of Labor Party members to deal with the Great Depression in Australia.

* The Solntsevskaya Bratva is formed in communist Ukraine in response to the uprising in Afghanistan presumably predicting the fall of the Soviet Union which would become the largest faction of the Russian Mafia.

The Department of Homeland Security is formed in response to terrorist concerns in the United States.

Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the ‘ Salle 41 ’ Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them.

In February 2011, a major earthquake in Christchurch, the nation's second largest city, significantly impacted the national economy and the government formed the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority in response.

In response to the court's decision in Baker and the legislature's enactment of civil unions, opponents of the legal recognition of same-sex unions formed an opposition organization called Take Back Vermont.