While Councilman Olson cited the anticipated increase in school costs in answer to a direct question from a taxpayer, the impact upon a school system does not have to be measured only in increased taxes to find alarm in uncontrolled growth.

Progressive measures taken during his kingship include: representatives of the commons, besides the nobility and clergy, were involved in governance ; the end of preventive arrests such that henceforward all arrests had to be first presented to a judge to determine the detention measure ; and fiscal innovation, such as negotiating extraordinary taxes with the mercantile classes and direct taxation of the Church, rather than debasement of the coinage.

Leftist politicians criticize such a structure since indirect taxes ( like the value added tax ) affect everyone alike, whereas direct taxes can be weighed according to levels of income and are therefore fairer taxes.

According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006-2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46. 75 % of direct taxes, 33. 65 % of federal excise tax, and 23. 38 % of domestic sales tax.

The ancient Romans imposed a tributum capitis ( poll tax ) as one of the principal direct taxes on the peoples of the Roman provinces ( Digest 50, tit. 15 ).

Unlike most other direct French taxes, nobles and clergy were not exempted from capitation taxes.

The United States government levied direct taxes from time to time during the 18th and early 19th centuries.

It levied direct taxes on the owners of houses, land, slaves, and estates in the late 1790s but cancelled the taxes in 1802.

) were to be treated as direct taxes.

Taxes are sometimes referred to as " direct taxes " or " indirect taxes ".

An economic definition, by Atkinson, states that "... direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer, whereas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of buyer or seller.

In U. S. constitutional law, for instance, direct taxes refer to poll taxes and property taxes, which are based on simple existence or ownership.

These are generally not considered taxes, as long as they are levied as payment for a direct benefit to the individual paying.

Today, governments in more advanced economies in ( i. e. Europe and North America ) tend to rely more on direct taxes, while developing economies ( i. e. India and several African countries ) rely more on indirect taxes.

Section Two also requires direct taxes to " be apportioned among the several States ... according to their respective Numbers " and that a census be held every ten years.

Originally, the amount of direct taxes that could be collected from any State was tied directly to its share of the national population.

William Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks, it seems to me, have a penetrating insight into the way in which this control is effected: `` For if we say poetry is to talk of beauty and love ( and yet not aim at exciting erotic emotion or even an emotion of Platonic esteem ) and if it is to talk of anger and murder ( and yet not aim at arousing anger and indignation ) -- then it may be that the poetic way of dealing with these emotions will not be any kind of intensification, compounding, or magnification, or any direct assault upon the affections at all.

Some privately held inholdings are a source of direct damage to these Federal lands.

Some of these were obviously filling from interlobular branches of the bronchial arteries while others were filling from direct hilar branches following along the pleural surface.

Willingness to take the risk of early and direct interpretation ( with the proviso that if the interpretation is too threatening, the worker can withdraw ) is another prominent feature in these efforts.

Moreover, prudence alone would indicate that, unless the local customs are already ready to fall when pushed, the results of direct economic action everywhere upon national chain stores will likely be simply to give undue advantage to local and state stores which conform to these customs, leading to greater decentralization and local autonomy within the company, or even ( as the final self-defeat of an unjust application of economic pressure to correct injustice ) to its going out of business in certain sections of the country ( as, for that matter, the Quakers, who once had many meetings in the pre-Civil War South, largely went out of business in that part of the country over the slavery issue, never to recover a large number of southern adherents ).

Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard, Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram (" Selections of Zātspram ") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his " direct teachings ".

It is important to note that these are " politically correct " terms and that in normal parlance, the adjective " American " and its direct cognates are almost always used unless the context does not render the nationality of the person clear.

While these vehicles might be useful in a direct fire role, none were developed with this specifically in mind, reminiscent of the use of tank destroyers by the US military in the assault gun role during WWII.

The intense vomiting and occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of worms and other tropical parasites, and harmala alkaloids themselves have been shown to be anthelmintic Thus, this action is twofold ; a direct action on the parasites by these harmala alkaloids ( particularly harmine in ayahuasca ) works to kill the parasites, and parasites are expelled through the increased intestinal motility that is caused by these alkaloids.

Although his paper was widely cited, a random selection of 60 of these citations revealed that 29 of the papers were direct rebuttals or criticisms of Jensen's arguments, 8 cited the paper as an " example of controversy ," 8 used it as a background reference.

If a party has gained more direct mandates in a Land than it is entitled to according to the results of the second vote, it does not forfeit these mandates because all directly elected candidates are guaranteed a seat in the Bundestag.

While these and other ancient Near Eastern texts consider comparable issues, scholars have not found their direct antecedent.

" In these cases, organized community groups seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within decision-making bodies.

Because these wildlife trading fees often represent a significant source of these CITES offices ' operational budgets, the structure of CITES creates a direct conflict of interest between these offices and the resources they manage.

A small group of Bahá ' ís in Northern New Mexico believe that these descendants are eligible for appointment to the Guardianship and are waiting for such a direct descendant of Bahá ' u ' lláh to arise as the rightful Guardian.

The result of these direct effects are a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems, leading finally to the behavioural or symptomatic effects of alcohol intoxication.

This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers — these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

This use allows notations to be defined only in a DTD stored as an external entity and referenced only as the external subset of documents, and allows these documents to remain compatible with validating XML or SGML parsers that have no direct support for notations.

In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions ( e. g. the house on the corner of this and that street ) are an indirect, improper presentation.

Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave.

Transfer of thermal energy by heat occurs by both of these mechanisms: heat can be transferred by electromagnetic radiation, or by physical contact in which direct particle-particle impacts transfer kinetic energy.

He had 511 direct collaborators ; these are the people with Erdős number 1.

There was a measure of protection in its concrete walls and ceiling, but the engineers who hastily installed it were well aware that concrete is not much better than prayer, if as efficacious, when a direct hit comes along.

Not so long ago many builders were finding they could cut their costs by `` buying direct '' and short-cutting the dealer.

Also three other direct pathways of alveolar bronchial arterial supply were noted: via the pleura ; ;

In attempting to improve specificity of staining, the fluorescein-labeled antisera used in both direct and indirect methods were treated in one of several ways: ( 1 ) They were passed through Dowex-2-chloride twice and treated with acetone insoluble powders ( Coons, 1958 ) prepared from mouse liver or from healthy sweet clover stems or crown gall tissue produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ( E. F. Smith & Townsend ) on sweet clover stems.

Results of specific staining by the direct and the indirect methods were similar and showed the localization of WTV antigen in certain tissues of tumors.

In the direct method, Af, not further treated, stained certain tissues of healthy sweet clover stems nonspecifically and WTV tumor sections were similarly stained by comparable Af.

Since the details of the elections were settled the change of government had no direct effect on the technical aspects of the elections, and may have been more important as an indication of royal displeasure with the U.N.F.P.

( Lauri Vaska, E. M. Sloane, J. W. DiLuzio ) In the absence of direct evidence to the contrary, decomposition of solvent alcohol and coordination of its fragments to the metal were not considered, following the above heretofore-accepted assumption in preparative coordination chemistry.

There is little doubt that they were promulgated by the Supreme Court as a direct result of the Selden patent suit.

Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review.

In the United States, both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations, rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were.

He was mentioned in the Quran as the " second of the two who lay in the cave " in reference to the event of hijra, with Muhammad where they hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct reference to in the Quran.

The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly: both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people.

Although metics had no direct political influence many were wealthy business owners who could, and sometimes did, influence policy by not allowing their citizen employees time off to attend the assembly, as well as having the simple expedient of wealth.

In the post-WWII era, vehicles fitting into an " assault gun " category were developed as a light-weight, air-deployable, direct fire weapon for use with airborne troops.

After the November 2000 G8 protest in Montreal, at which many protesters were beaten, trampled, and arrested in what was intended to be a festive protest, the tactic of dividing protests into " green " ( permitted ), " yellow " ( not officially permitted but with little confrontation and low risk of arrest ), and " red " ( involving direct confrontation ) zones was introduced.

The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition ; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5, 000 modii ( measures ) of braces ( a cereal used in brewing ) shows that the fort bought provisions for a considerable number of people.

Microprocessors such as the Intel 8008, the direct predecessor of the 8080 and the 8086, used in early personal computers, could also perform a small number of operations on four bits, such as the DAA ( Decimal Add Adjust ) instruction, and the auxiliary carry ( AC / NA ) flag, which were used to implement decimal arithmetic routines.

The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage ( and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918 ).