The constitution of the Galatian state is described by Strabo and bare striking resemblance to later Germanic kingdoms and early feudalism during the Dark Ages.

In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Native Celtic peoples had been marginalized during the period of Roman Britain, and when the Romans abandoned the British Isles during the 400s, waves of Germanic peoples, known to later historians as the Anglo-Saxons, migrated to southern Britain and established a series of petty kingdoms in what would eventually develop into the Kingdom of England by AD 927.

In the 5th and 6th centuries the Merovingian kings conquered several other Germanic tribes and kingdoms.

The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in what is now England and parts of southern Scotland.

Aside from the Germanic peoples, the Vascones entered Wasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica: Domnonia, Cornouaille and Broërec.

* Timeline of Germanic kingdoms

Having thus secured his eastern frontier, Justinian turned his attention to the West, where Arian Germanic kingdoms had been established in the territories of the former Western Roman Empire.

Before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people.

* Timeline of Germanic kingdoms

Scandinavia is a historical cultural-linguistic region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethno-cultural Germanic heritage and related languages that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West.

Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title " King of the Lombards " as well ( before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people ).

During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.

Challenges and responses were physical, as when the Sumerians exploited the intractable swamps of southern Iraq by organizing the Neolithic inhabitants into a society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects ; or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community.

This was unique in the history of the Germanic kingdoms of the Dark Ages: a ruler taking the title of the conquered.

Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux and later by a king.

In many Germanic and Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, a count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the " palace " in its original sense of the seat of power and administration.

With the collapse of the Western Roman Empire shortly thereafter, and the rise of the successor Germanic kingdoms, the bagaudae begin to slowly disappear from recorded history.

Until the 9th century, the Scandinavian people lived in small Germanic kingdoms and chiefdoms known as petty kingdoms.

In the Germanic monarchies abolished in 1918, hereditary prince, rather than crown prince, was also the title borne by the heirs apparent of the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony and Württemberg, as well as those of grand duchies, of sovereign duchies and principalities, and of mediatized princely families.

The Anglo-Saxons ( Germanic pagans who progressively seized British territory ) during the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries established a small number of kingdoms and evangelization of the Anglo-Saxons was carried out by the successors of the Gregorian mission and by Celtic missionaries from Scotland.

Valentinian died of an apoplexy while hectoring Germanic leaders ; his sons Gratian ( r. 375 – 383 ) and Valentinian II ( r. 375 – 392 ) succeeded him in the West.

Around 600 AD a Slavic group called the Sorbs, who were fishermen and farmers, succeeded the Germanic tribes in the Elbe Valley, who had lived in the area for a couple of centuries from the 4th century BC on.

Harris dates studies of both to Classical Greece and Classical Rome, specifically, to Herodotus, often called the " father of history " and the Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples.

When the Germanic peoples entered the Roman Empire and founded successor-kingdoms in the western part, most had been Arian Christians for more than a century.

No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, located at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early medieval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Germanic Franks.

During the fourth century, the Roman emperors commonly employed foederati: Germanic irregular troops under Roman command, but organized by tribal structures.

Cerdic, who is of both Germanic and British descent and raised as a Roman citizen, served in his army as a young man.

The Germanic victory caused a limit on Roman expansion in the West.

During the final decades of imperial rule, the troops were supplied by Germanic chieftains employed by the Roman administration.

Over the last half of the 20th century, historical and archaeological research has increasingly supported the theory that the remnants of the Celtic Boii were absorbed into the Roman Empire and later intermingled with other Germanic peoples who chose to stay ( or were stationed by the Romans ) in the area.

The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117-38 ), showing the location of the Burgundiones Germanic group, then inhabiting the region between the Viadua ( Oder ) and Visula ( Vistula ) rivers ( Poland )

It is possible that the Roman term basterna, denoting a type of wagon or litter, is derived from the name of this tribe, which was known, like many Germanic tribes, to travel with a wagon-train for their families.

It is quite possible that other people of Germanic and Sarmatian origin ( like Bastarnae, Taifals and Hasdingian Vandals ), perhaps Roman deserters as well, had joined the invaders.

Many of the Germanic people that filled the power vacuum left by the Western Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages codified their laws.

Even though Rome abandoned its Britannic provinces around 400 AD, the Germanic mercenarieswho had largely become instrumental in enforcing Roman rule in Britanniaacquired ownership of land there and continued to use a mixture of Roman and Teutonic Law, with much written down under the early Anglo-Saxon Kings.

The late Roman cavalry tradition and the mounted nobility of the Germanic invaders both contributed to the development of mediaeval knightly cavalry.

This campaign is derided by ancient historians with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germanic tribesmen at his triumph and Roman troops ordered to collect seashells as " spoils of the sea ".

* 480 – Odoacer, first Germanic king of Italy, occupies Dalmatia and establishes his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate.

In addition to being the source of the Roman alphabet, it has been suggested that it passed northward into Venetia and from there through Raetia into the Germanic lands, where it became the Elder Futhark alphabet, the oldest form of the runes.

Then he announced to the world: " The independence of Austria, for which he has fallen, is a principle that has been defended and will be defended by Italy even more strenuously ", and then replaced in the main square of Bolzano the statue of Walther von der Vogelweide, a Germanic troubadour, with that of Drusus, a Roman general who conquered part of Germany.

The philosophy of Epictetus was an influence on the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( 121 to 180 AD ) whose reign was marked by wars with the resurgent Parthians in southern Asia and against the Germanic tribes in Europe.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, a Germanic tribe known as the Franks took control of Gaul by defeating competing tribes.

By the first century BC Germanic languages had become prevalent, and the inhabitants were called Belgæ while the area was the coastal district of Gallia Belgica, the most northeastern province of the Roman Empire at its height.

Having defeated the Huns at Chalons and at the Nedao, migrating Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire and transformed it into Medieval Europe.

Nevertheless, it was only with Germanic help that the empire was able to survive as long as it did, as the Roman Army was nearly entirely composed of Germanic soldiers by the 4th century.