A shock wave from Africa

William John Macquorn Rankine and Pierre Henri Hugoniot independently developed the theory for flow properties before and after a shock wave.

Thus, when the fluid finally does strike the object, it is forced to change its properties -- temperature, density, pressure, and Mach number -- in an extremely violent and irreversible fashion called a shock wave.

Hypersonic flow is characterized by high temperature flow behind a shock wave, viscous interaction, and chemical dissociation of gas.

In physical terms, a supersonic shock wave initiates from the point of contact.

Stress levels within the shock wave far exceed the strength of solid materials ; consequently, both the impactor and the target close to the impact site are irreversibly damaged.

Many other shock-related changes take place within both impactor and target as the shock wave passes through, and some of these changes can be used as diagnostic tools to determine whether particular geological features were produced by impact cratering.

As the shock wave decays, the shocked region decompresses towards more usual pressures and densities.

The damage produced by the shock wave raises the temperature of the material.

As well as being heated, the target near the impact is accelerated by the shock wave, and it continues moving away from the impact behind the decaying shock wave.

Contact, compression, decompression, and the passage of the shock wave all occur within a few tenths of a second for a large impact.

This term is used to describe an explosive phenomenon whereby the decomposition is propagated by an explosive shock wave traversing the explosive material.

Laser-and arc-heating are used in laser detonators, exploding-bridgewire detonators, and exploding foil initiators, where a shock wave and then detonation in conventional chemical explosive material is created by laser-or electric-arc heating.

The decomposition is propagated by a flame front ( deflagration ) which travels much more slowly through the explosive material than a shock wave of a high explosive.

Blast doors are designed to absorb the shock wave of a nuclear blast, bending and then returning to their original shape.

The shock wave from the explosion was recorded on barographs around the globe.

The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray-heated air ( the fireball ) sending a shock / pressure wave in all directions at a velocity greater than the speed of sound ( aka, the " Mach-Stem "), analogous to thunder generated by lightning.

The blast sent out a hyper-intensified shock wave which travelled at ( slightly above ) the speed of sound, turning buildings into shrapnel.

Astronomers speculate that this phenomenon is caused by the shock wave from a supernova.

The probe causes the sun to go supernova, sending a shock wave towards the observatory.

The Veridian sun collapses and Soran and Picard are transported to the Nexus before the shock wave annihilates the planet.

As the shock wave expands, it cools down becoming more transparent allowing the much hotter and brighter fireball to become visible again.

The net result recorded is a decrease of the light visible from outer space as the shock wave expands, producing the first peak recorded by the bhangmeter.

As it expands, the shock wave cools off and becomes less opaque to the visible light produced by the inner fireball.

Because soft glass expands a lot more than hard glass when heated, and contracts more when cooled, along with its brittle nature, during cooling or even while working it, soft glass is more prone to cracking due to thermal shock than borosilicate.

" The front acts like a piston that pushes against and compresses the surrounding medium to make a spherically expanding shock wave.

When it meets itself in the center of the fuel, the energy in the shock wave further heats and compresses the tiny volume around it.

When it reaches the center of the fuel and meets the shock from the other side of the target, the energy in the shock wave further heats and compresses the tiny volume around it.

Impacts at these high speeds produce shock waves in solid materials, and both impactor and the material impacted are rapidly compressed to high density.

Although shock waves are typically associated with supersonic flow, they form at a lower speed at areas on the body where local airflow accelerates to sonic speed.

Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock accelerates oxygen consumption, leading to hypoxia.

In response to cellular stresses – such as infection, heat shock, or oxidative damage – heat shock proteins that identify misfolded or unfolded proteins and target them for proteasomal degradation are expressed.

This process may also create shock waves that travel inward through the target.

So while a penetrator may actually travel further through soil, its effect may be lessened due to its inability to transmit shock to the target.

The purpose of an earth-penetrating nuclear bunker buster is to reduce the required yield needed to ensure the destruction of the target by coupling the explosion to the ground, yielding a shock wave similar to an earthquake.

In essence, the hollow point bullet has several purposes: hollow points are designed to increase in diameter once within the target, thus maximizing tissue damage and blood loss or shock, and to remain inside the target, thereby transferring all of its kinetic energy to that target ( some fraction would remain in the bullet if it passed through instead ).

A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) weapon intended to destroy or cripple a target submarine by the shock of exploding near it.

All of these weapons work by attaining a high muzzle velocity ( hypervelocity ), and collide with their target, converting their kinetic energy into destructive shock waves and heat.

The Earthquake bombs were designed not to strike a target directly, but to impact beside it, penetrate under it, and create a ' camouflet ' or large buried cavern at the same time as delivering a shock wave through the target's foundations.

Jaycor's current publications on non-lethal shock weapons refer instead to the " Sticky Shocker ", a projectile similar to a taser dart but using glue to adhere to the target instead of barbs.

The base fuze detonates the explosive milliseconds later, creating a shock wave that, owing to its large surface area and direct contact with the target, is transmitted through the material.

NIC runs re-started in May 2011 with the goal of timing the four laser shock waves that compress the fusion target to very high precision.

To Bundle's shock, another member of the association is Bill Eversleigh but that shock is increased when Battle tells her that the association has at last succeeded in getting their main target, an international criminal whose stock trade is the theft of secret formulae: Jimmy Thesiger who was arrested that afternoon together with his accomplice, Loraine Wade.

The depth charge, usually exploding at a distance from the submarine, had a cushion of water between it and the target which rapidly dissipated the explosive shock.

The highest review score on Metacritic was 60 which came from Variety, who said " Purists will find the pic's obviousness disappointing, but there's no question that the film delivers a sufficient shock quotient to satisfy its youthful target audience ".

A tire is often used as the hammer's target as its elasticity reduces the shock to the user's joints when used for this purpose.

* Skead Low: Fire, Short Range, Does a luminous shock wave around the user, the closer the target highest the damage.