It is possible that Arabic physicians may have performed dissections, including Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) ( 1091 – 1161 ) in Al-Andalus, Saladin's physician Ibn Jumay during the 12th century, Abd el-Latif in Egypt circa 1200, and Ibn al-Nafis in Syria and Egypt during the 13th century ..

It was Ibn Tufail who introduced him to the court and to Ibn Zuhr (" Avenzoar " to the West ), the great Muslim physician, who became Averroes's teacher and friend.

* Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) is the first physician to carry out human postmortem dissections and autopsies.

* c. 1150 — Avenzoar adheres to experimental dissection and autopsy, which he carries out to prove that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, a discovery which upsets the theory of humorism ; and he also introduces experimental surgery, where animal testing is used to experiment with surgical techniques prior to using them on humans.

In the 12th century medical textbook Al-Taisir, Ibn Zuhr ( 1092 – 1162 )— also known as Avenzoar — of Al-Andalus provided a correct description of the tracheotomy operation.

According to Mostafa Shehata, Ibn Zuhr ( also known as Avenzoar ) successfully practiced the tracheotomy procedure on a goat, justifying Galen's approval of the operation.

The dissection of human remains for medical reasons continued to be practiced irregularly after the Romans, for instance by the Arab physicians Avenzoar and Ibn al-Nafis, but the modern autopsy process derives from the anatomists of the Renaissance.

As the title, Doubts on Galen by Rhazes implies, as well as the writings of physicians such as Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) and Ibn al-Nafis, the works of Galen were not accepted unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further inquiry.

Abulcasis, Averroes, Avenzoar, and Maimonides, active in the Medieval Muslim world, described a number of medical problems related to the brain.

* 1100 – 1161 – Avenzoar Spanish Jew.

These included The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna in 1025, and works by Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ), and Ibn Baytar in the 14th century.

Other pharmacopoeia books include that written by Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century and Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) in the 12th century ( and printed in 1491 ),, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas.

Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) described disorders similar to meningitis, intracranial thrombophlebitis, and mediastinal germ cell tumors ; Averroes attributed photoreceptor properties to the retina ; and Maimonides described rabies and belladonna intoxication.

1150 – Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) gave the first accurate descriptions on certain neurological disorders such as meningitis, intracranial thrombophlebitis, and mediastinal germ cell tumors.

* 1091 – 1161 Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) Surgery, Medicine.

In 1610 Pietro Della Valle found a Scot, George Strachan, resident at Anah ( to study Arabic ) as physician to the amir ( i. 671-681 ).

The translation of 129 works of ancient Greek physician Galen into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his assistants, and in particular Galen's insistence on a rational systematic approach to medicine, set the template for Islamic medicine, which rapidly spread throughout the Arab Empire.

The Jerusalem Talmud records that itrium, a kind of boiled dough, was common in Palestine from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD, A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali defines itriyya, the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking.

* d. 1075-Ibn Butlan Christian physician of Baghdad Tacuinum sanitatis the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format

Durum wheat pasta was introduced by Libyian Arabs during their conquest of Sicily in the late 7th century The 9th century Arab physician Isho bar Ali defines itriyya, the Arabic cognate of the Hebrew word, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking.

His work, as well as later Arabic medical manuals, state that a visiting physician must always make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit.

Although the work was originally in Arabic, it was translated by Rabbi and physician Judah ibn Tibbon ( who also translated the Kuzari by Yehuda Halevi ).

In the eleventh century, at Damascus, the Arab physician Ibn Abi Usaibia ( 1203 – 1270 ) translated the Sushruta samhita from Sanskrit to Arabic.

Al-Karak was the birthplace of Ibn al-Quff, an Arab physician and surgeon and author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons.

Judah Halevi ( also Yehuda Halevi ; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי ; Arabic: يهوذا هاليفي ; c. 1075 – 1141 ) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher.

Arabic physician Ibn Al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani ( Algizar, c. 898-980 ) wrote on the medicine and health of the elderly.

The famous Arabic physician, Algizar ( circa 898-980 ), also wrote a special book on the medicine and health of the elderly.

Another Arabic physician in the 9th century, Ishaq ibn Hunayn ( died 910 ), the son of Nestorian Christian scholar Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, wrote a Treatise on Drugs for Forgetfulness.

Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh ( Arabic أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ ), known as Ibn Bājjah (), was an Andalusian Berber polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist.

It was the hometown of the polymath Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 ), an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician.

Among the best known are: Ishaq ibn Hunain ( d. 911 ) ( son of Hunain ibn Ishaq ), the physician and translator of Greek philosophical works into Arabic ; ibn Fadlan, the explorer ; al Battani ( d. 923 ), astronomer ; Tabari ( d. 923 ), historian and theologian ; al-Razi ( d. 930 ), philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry ; al-Farabi ( d. 950 ), chemist and philosopher ; Abu Nasr Mansur ( d. 1036 ), mathematician ; Alhazen ( d. 1040 ), mathematician ; al-Biruni ( d. 1048 ), mathematician, astronomer, physicist ; Omar Khayyám ( d. 1123 ), poet, mathematician, and astronomer ; Mansur Al-Hallaj a mystic, writer and teacher of Sufism most famous for his apparent, but disputed, self-proclaimed divinity, his poetry and for his execution for heresy by Caliph Al-Muqtadir.

Hunayn ibn Ishaq ( also Hunain or Hunein ) (, ;, known in Latin as Johannitius ) ( 809 – 873 ) was a famous and influential Assyrian Nestorian Christian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating Greek scientific and medical works into Arabic and Syriac during the heyday of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate.

Ibn Tufail ( c. 1105 – 1185 ) ( full Arabic name: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi ; Latinized form: Abubacer Aben Tofail ; Anglicized form: Abubekar or Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail ) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, vizier, and court official.

He was the first physician to write about tracheotomy in Arabic.

There were at least seven New Christians ( converted Jews ) who sailed with Columbus in his first voyage, including Rodrigo de Triana, who was the first to sight land ( Columbus later assumed credit for this ), Maestre Bernal, who served as the expedition's physician, and Luis De Torres, the interpreter, who spoke Hebrew and Arabic, which it was believed would be useful in the Orient — their intended destination.

Abbas Ibn Firnas ( 810 – 887 A. D .), also known as Abbas Abu Al-Qasim Ibn Firnas Ibn Wirdas al-Takurini (), was a Muslim Andalusian polymath: an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician.

The term is cognate to the Arabic words ( ruler / lord ) and ( wise man / physician ).

Jalal al-Din Muhammad al-Isfahani, who refers to himself as al-tabib al-Isfahani (" the physician of Isfahan "), composed an Arabic general treatise on therapeutics, arranged in order from head to foot.

The frontispiece of an Adelard of Bath Latin translation of Euclid's Elements, c. 1309 – 1316 ; the oldest surviving Latin translation of the Elements is a 12th-century translation by Adelard from an Arabic version.

The earliest novels to deal with the concept of autodidacticism were the Arabic novels, Philosophus Autodidactus, written by Ibn Tufail in 12th-century Islamic Spain, and Theologus Autodidactus, written by Ibn al-Nafis in 13th-century Egypt.

Category: 12th-century Arabic books

The nearly extinct Karaim of Halychyna, better known in history as Chalyzians or Khalyzians or Khalis or Khwalis ( Arabic: Khwarezmian, Byzantine Greek: Χαλίσιοι, Khalisioi, Magyar: Kaliz ( pronounced Kalish )) of Galicia ( Eastern Europe ) are yet a people first mentioned by the 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos.

Khoja Ahmed Yasawi ( Khawaja or Khwaja ( Arabic: خواجة ‎ khawājah, Persian: خواجه pronounced khâje ) corresponds to " master " in Persian ), also spelled as Khawajah Akhmet Yassawi, was the 12th-century head of a regional school of Sufism, a mystic movement in Islam which began in the 9th century.